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Chapters 42 & 44 (Circulaltion & Gas Exchange (Concept 42.1…
Chapters 42 & 44
Circulaltion & Gas Exchange
Concept 42.1
descriptions of types of hearts
fish
amphibian
3 chambered heart: 2 atriums/1ventricle
mammal
4 chambered heart: 2 atria/2ventricle
Function and types of circulatory systems
closed circulatory
blood is in vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid
more efficient at transporting fluids to tissues & cells
single circulatory
blood leaving the heart goes through 2 capillary beds before returning
ex. bony fishes, rays, & sharks
double circulatory
O2 poor & O2 rich blood pumped separately from right to left side of heart
ex. amphibians, reptiles, & mammals
open & closed circulatory systems
3 components
circulatory fluid (blood or lymph)
set of tubes (vessels)
muscular pump (heart)
open circulatory
no distinction between blood & interstitial fluid
hemolymph bathes organs directly
gastrovascular cavity
functions in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout body
ex. cnidarians
cardiovascular system
3 main types of vessels
arteries
arterioles
small arteries that connect capillaries to arteries
carries blood from the heart to organs throughout the body
capillaries
microscopic vessels w/ very thin porous walls
veins
venules
small veins that connect capillaries to veins
carry blood back to the heart
vertebrate hearts
contain 2 or more chambers: atrium & ventricle
Concept 42.3
lymph circulation
lymphatic system
returns fluid that leaks out in the capillary beds
lymph nodes
organs that filter lymph & play important role in body's defense
blood pressure
systolic pressure
pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
diastolic pressure
pressure in the arteries during diastole
blood velocity
slows when going through capillaries for diffusion to occur
"normal" human values
120/70
typical blood pressure of 20yo at rest / measure in mm of Hg
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the arterioles
vasodilation
an increase in diameter that causes blood pressure in the arteries to fall
endothelium
single layer of flattened epithelial cells
Concept 42.4
blood
what is in it?
blood cells, electrolytes, proteins
plasma
liquid matrix containing ions and protein
part of osmoregulation, transport, and defense
erythrocytes// RBCs
O2 transportation
leukocytes// WBCs
fight infections
functions
transport, protection, and regulation
cardiovascular disease
heart attack
damage/death of cardiac muscle tissue bc of blockage
stroke
death of nervous tissue due to lack of O2
atherosclerosis
accumulation of fatty deposits that hardens arteries
Concept 42.5
respiratory organ function
specialized structures
gills
seen in fish who use countercurrent exchange
lungs
localized respiratory organs
mammals, birds, reptiles
skin
seen in amphibians & earthworms
respiratory surfaces
skin, gills, trachea, & lungs
gas exchange
supplies O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2
G.E. across respiratory surfaces takes places by diffusion
Concept 42.6
breathing
muscles involved
diaphragm, abdominal muscles, intercostal muscles
positive pressure
used by amphibians/ gulping of air forces it down the trachea
negative pressure
used by mammals/ pulls air into the lungs
inhalation
exhalation
decrease in lung volume/ increase in air pressure
organs in respiratory system
nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
Concept 42.2
mammalian heart
cardiac cycle
one complete sequence of pumping and filling
systole
contraction phase of the cycle
diastole
relaxation phase of cycle
Concept 42.7
respiratory pigments
animals transport most of the O2 bound to these proteins
blood or hemolymph
increase amount of O2 that can be carried in circulatory fluid
bohr shift
hemoglobin's O2 binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity (pH) and to concentration of CO2
low pH decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2
mammalian diving reflex
response to environmental changes and adaptations allowing prolonging stays under water
myoglobin
high concentration of an O2 storing protein
Osmoregulation and Excretion
concept 44.1
osmosis
molecules moving from a less concentrated solution (hypoosmotic) to a more concentrated one (hyperosmotic)
movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane
freshwater vs marine
freshwater animals
marine animals
osmoregulation
process by which animals control solute concentrations
balances water gain and loss
osmolarity
two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane differ in osmotic pressure
osmoconformer
isoosmotic with surroundings/ conforms to environment
most marine invertebrates
sharks are special / H2O slowly enters by osmosis & by food
osmoregulator
controls internal osmolarity/ independent of its environment
anhydrobiosis
extreme dehydrated dormant state
transport epithelia
moves particular solutes in controlled amounts in specific direcitons
ex. salt glands in birds
concept 44.2
nitrogenous wastes
urea
produced in vertebrate liver
product of metabolic cycle that combines NH4 w/ CO2
very low toxicity / can be transported in circulatory system
uric acid
excreted by insects, land snails, reptiles, birds
more energetically expensive than urea
ammonia
most common is fish
can be tolerated ONLY at very low concentrations
mostly lost as NH4 across the epithelium of the gills
major excretory organs
kidneys, large intestines, lungs, liver, skin
urinary system
ureters, bladder, urethra
concept 44.3
nephron
organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
proximal tube, glomerulus, bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, distal tube, collection duct, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta
excretory processes
filtration
filtrate
solution made up of everything in the body but blood cells and proteins
reabsorption
secretion
protonephridia
flatworms have an excretory system that forms a networks of dead end tubules
metanephridia
nitrogenous wastes remain in the tubule an are excreted to the environment
