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ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (OSMOREGULATION (Osmosis & Osmolarity (Osmosis (When…

- - - - When water enters and leaves cells
      - movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from hypotonic to hypertonic concentrations
    - - unit of measurement for solute concentration
      - EX: Humans- 300 mOsm/L seawater- 1000 most/L
      - The number of moles of solute per liter
    - - two solutions w/ same osmolarity
  - - - Isoosmotic w/ its surroundings
      - EX: all marine animals
      - no gain or lose of water bc internal osmolarity same as surroundings
    - - EX: Fresh water and terrestrial
      - Control internal osmolarity independently from external environment
        
        Hypoosmotic environment- must discharge water
        
        Hyperosmotic environment- must intake water to balance osmotic loss
  - - - Osmoconformers
        
        osmolarity same as seawater
        
        Face no substantial changes in water balance
        
        Actively transport specific solutes that establish lives of hemolymph
        
        Cod
        
        Balance water loss by drinking water
        
        Excess salt ingested w/ seawater eliminated through gills and kidneys
        
        Sharks
        
        internal concentration lower than salt water
        
        salt slowly enters sharks body bc of TMAO, salts, urea, etc.
  - - - internal fluids w/ osmolarity higher than their surroundings
        
        excrete large amounts of dilute urine & drinking no water
        
        salts replenished by salt uptake across gills & eating
      - face problem gaining water
  - - - Ammonia
        
        Most aquatic animals
        
        Need access to lots of water bc can only be tolerated at very low concentrations
        
        easily pass membrane & lost to surrounding water
      - Urea
        
        Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, bony fish
        
        very toxic, can be transported &excreted in large volumes at very dilated solutions
      - Uric Acid
        
        Birds, reptiles, insects, land snails
        
        nontoxic, does not readily dissolve in water
  - - - Kidneys
        
        Functions in osmoregulation and excretion
        
        consist of tubules
        
        arranged in highly organized manner & associated w/ network of capillaries
      - protonephridia
        
        Network of deadend tubules
      - Metanephridia
        
        collect fluid directly from coelom
  - - - Proximal tubule
        
        Reabsorption is critical for recapture of ions, water, & valuable nutrients
      - Descending limb
        
        water channels formed by aquaporin proteins make transport freely permeate to water
      - ascending limb
        
        has transport epithelium that lacks water channels
      - distal tubule
        
        key to regulating NaCl & K
      - collecting duct
        
        processes filtrate into urine
- - - - circulatory fluid
      - interconnecting vessels
      - heart
        
        Powers circulation by using metabolic energy to elevate circulatory fluids pressure
    - - hemolymph is the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells
      - EX: grasshoppers, clams
    - - blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid
      - EX: Annelids, cephalopods and all vertebrates
      - one or more hearts pump into large vessels that branch into smaller ones , filtrate tissues and organs
    - - Heats contain two chambers , atrium and ventricle
      - EX: Sharks, rays, bony fishes
      - Blood that leaves heart passes two capillary beds before returning
    - - Pumps for two circuits are combines into hear t
      - EX: Amphibians, reptiles, & mammals
      - Both pumps simplifies coordination of pumping cycles
  - - - blood vessels
        
        blood circulates to and from heart through vessels
        
        total length of vessels is twice earths circumference
      - Arteries
        
        carry blood from heart to organs throughout body
        
        branch into arterioles that convey blood to capillaries
        
        capillary beds infiltrate tissues
      - Veins
        
        Vessels that carry blood back to the heart
  - - - Blood pressure
        
        blood pressure
        
        blood flows from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure
        
        contraction of a heart ventricle generates blood pressure
        
        site of highest pressure, force directed lengthwise in artery, blood flows away from heart
        
        force exerted sideways stretches wall of artery
        
        recoil of elastic arterial wall is critical in maintaining blood pressure
  - - - lost fluids and proteins are recovered &returned to blood
      - fluid diffused through network of tiny vessels
      - lymph
        
        recovered fluid circulates w/in system before draining in veins of cardiovascular system