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Animal Body Systems (Ch. 42 - Circulation & Gas Exchange (Circulation,…

- - - - Arteries
        
        Carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
      - Veins
        
        Carries blood towards the heart from the rest of the body
      - Capillaries
        
        Very small, exchanges oxygen, nutrients & wastes from the blood to the tissues. Receive arterial blood from heart and are the starting point for venous blood going to the heart.
    - - Functions
        
        Protection
        
        Leukocytes, antibodies
        
        Regulation
        
        Water balance by bringing water to and from tissues, pH by interacting with both bases and acids in the body
        
        Transportation
        
        Gases, nutrients, waste
      - Components of blood
        
        Plasma - the liquid that contains RBCs and WBCs
        
        Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
        
        Carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body
        
        White blood cells (leukocytes)
        
        Fight infections, aid in immunity
        
        Platelets (thrombocytes)
        
        Help in blood clotting
      - Blood pressure
        
        The pressure of circulating blood on blood vessel walls
        
        Systolic
        
        Pressure when the heart pushes blood
        
        Diastolic
        
        Pressure when the heart relaxes
    - - Open
        
        Common in arthropods & molluscs
        
        Pumps blood into a hemocoel with blood diffusing back into the circulatory system through cells. The blood fills body cavities.
      - Closed
        
        Common in vertebrates
        
        Blood is closed at all times within vessels and does not fill body cavities.
      - Single
        
        Blood only passes through the heart once throughout circulation.
        
        Ex: Fish
      - Double
        
        Blood passes through the heart twice throughout circulation.
        
        Ex: Humans
    - - Fish
        
        Closed circulatory system, 2-chambered: 1 ventricle and 1 atrium
      - Mammal
        
        Closed circulatory system, 4-chambered: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
      - Reptile
        
        Closed circulatory system, 3-chambered heart: 2 atria and 1 ventricle
      - Insect
        
        Open circulatory system, blood flows freely throughout the body
    - - Colorless fluid that contains white blood cells (leukocytes)
  - - - Lungs
        
        Gas exchange occurs through the alveoli in the lungs
        
        Ex: Humans
      - Gills
        
        Oxygen is extracted from water and carbon dioxide is excreted
        
        Ex: Fish
      - Skin
        
        Cutaneous respiration
        
        Ex: Amphibians
    - - Muscles
        
        Diaphragm
        
        When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity's volume increases and allows the lungs to take in air and vice versa
        
        Intercostal muscles
        
        Help to form and expand chest cavity
      - Pressure
        
        Positive
        
        Closing off the nostrils and forcing air into the body
        
        Negative
        
        Diaphragm contracts, increasing volume in lungs
- - - - Fluid passing through a semi-permeable membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
    - - Freshwater
        
        Retain more salt in their bodies than the water around them
      - Marine
        
        Lose water to environment due to osmosis, must drink a large amount of saltwater to maintain a stable osmotic pressure
    - - Maintaining a constant osmotic pressure in fluids by controlling concentrations of water and salt
  - - - Kidneys
        
        Contains subunits named nephrons that filter blood and remove waste
      - Urinary bladder
        
        Excretes waste through urine
      - Liver
        
        Excretes waste into bile or blood, where it will enter the intestine and leave the body through feces
      - Large intestine
        
        Wastes travel through here and are excreted as feces
      - Skin
        
        Sabaceous glands; sweating excretes excess water and salt
    - - Ammonia wastes?
        
        Invertebrates and aquatic species
      - Urea wastes?
        
        Mammals, including humans
      - Uric acid wastes?
        
        Birds and reptiles
    - - Elimination of waste matter from the body