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Unit 8- Revolutionary Muisc (Ch. 42 and 61: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM…

- - - - In style of Mozart & Haydn
    - - Symphony 3-“Eroica”- Begins revolution of changing symphonic sound
      - Originally dedicated to Napoleon
      - Personal narrative of individual heroism
    - - Symphony 9- adds choir (chorale) with final “Ode to Joy”
  - - - Beethoven a supporter of democracy
        
        Napoleon (at first)
        
        Great Britain democratic parliament system (Wellington’s Victory)
      - Intense, collective endeavor toward a common purpose
      - "Ode to Joy” finale widely used for political aims
- - - - Form - Sonata Allegro
    - - Musical joke¡ - beginning
      - Sfz¡ - Sforzando
      - Winds becoming more prominent
      - Changing Tempo within the form
  - - - Form- Scherzo with a Trio- 1st time Trio appears in a Symphony
      - Length- twice as long as Mozart & Haydn and scrutinized for in reviews
      - Context- Napoleon
      - Harmony & Emotion- 2nd movement is a funeral march
  - - - Sonata- allegro form
      - Motive- short- short- short- LONG (Theme 1)
        
        Dominates whole piece
        
        Fate knocking at the your door (Beethoven’s description)
  - - - Serene theme and variations
        
        2 themes
      - Still uses the motive (Theme 1)
      - Triple meter
  - - - Rocket theme in low strings (moves from low to high)
      - Fugue in double bass
      - Scherzo¡ & Trio
      - transition to 4th movement- no stopping- uses Theme 1 motive
    - - Much energy & passion
      - Cyclical motive
      - More instruments - piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones
      - development - brief recurrence of mvt 3. scherzo
      - Extended coda - LONG final ending
- - - - Distinctive culture and heritage shared by people who live in a common territory
    - - Basing music on songs and dances of their people
      - Dramatic works based on folklore or peasant life
      - Works celebrating national heroes, historic events, or scenic beauty
  - - - Brahms helped him become famous
      - Famous during lifetime
      - Used folk music of Moravia and Bohemia
      - Write symphonic, chamber, concerti, and operas
    - - Slavonic Dance
      - New World Symphony
      - cello concerto
  - - - Peer, teenager, is lazy and scoundrel to women. He abducts and seduces a young girl who is the daughter of the Mountain King. Sisters vow to avenge her. Peer becomes a fugitive and takes up with a girl he once loved (Solveig). But he eventually heads off for more adventures for many years, including cavorting with an Arabian girl, Anitra. He returns home many years later to find that Solveig, now a middle-aged woman, is still faithful to him.
    - - Morning Mood- atmospheric depiction of sunrise
      - In the Hall of the Mountain King- grotesque ballet music as troll daughters chase Peer
  - - - Captured original music
      - Composers tried to retain that idea is new music
      - Phonographs were taken to villages to preserve songs as they were meant to be performed
      - Bartok & Kodaly collected over 2,000 Eastern European songs & dances
  - - - balance
      - formality
      - Absolute music
  - - - Influences from all of Europe- not just England
      - Gramophone recordings- important for symphony
      - Influences from all of Europe- not just England
    - - Enigma Variations- Nimrod
      - Pomp & Circumstance
    - - English folk songs
      - WWI- served
      - Wrote operas, ballets, chamber music, symphonic music, vocal pieces
    - - The Lark Ascending
      - Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Talls
  - - - Studied piano & taught
      - Wrote operas,piano, orchestral, choral, chamber, guitar works
      - From Cadiz
    - - Three Cornered Hat
      - Nights in Spanish Gardens
  - - - Toured remote villages of Hungary to collect native songs
      - These songs served as “raw” material for his neo-classical style
    - - Ancient modes
      - Unfamiliar scales
      - Non-symmetrical Rhythms
- - - - Schoenberg teacher
      - Alban Berg & Anton Webern Students
      - 1st Viennese School- Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven
  - - - Inversion: Notes move in opposite direction (up ¡ instead of down)- upside down
      - Retrograde: Reverse order or backwards
      - Transposition: same order of intervals; starts ¡ different pitch
      - Retrograde inversion: Upside down & backward
  - - - Violin concerto, Lulu, Lyric Suite
  - - - Wozzeck- soldier
      - Marie- common-law wife of Wozzeck
      - Son of Wozzeck & Marie
      - Captain
      - Doctor
      - Drum Major
    - - Wozzeck a soldier, but is a victim of evil Captain & Doctor- they performed experiments on him.
      - Wozzeck did this for $
      - Wozzeck unhappy in love affair with Marie
      - Marie cheats on him and Wozzeck cuts her throat.
      - Wozzeck goes insane and returns to her death scene and drowns himself. (LG 46)
      - Ending is the child of the 2 notified of his mother’s death.
- - - - Steeped in serialism, but listened to rock in dorm room
    - - Taught at San Francisco Conservatory
      - Advocate for contemporary music
    - - minimalist
      - Neo-Romantic- accessible & deeply expressive
  - - - Peter Sellars
      - Based on memoirs, government documents, poetry, & Hindu scripture
    - - Hopes and fears, awe and trepidation
  - - - After each section there is a refrain
- - - - Followed by a broad string theme (B)
      - Mood disrupted by clarinet melody borrowed from Shostakovich’s Symphony No. 7 (C)
      - Opening tune evokes Hungarian folk song in pentatonic (A)