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Animal circulation, gas exchange, osmoregulation and excretion (Major…
Animal circulation, gas exchange, osmoregulation and excretion
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Blood vessel
Capillaries
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Where gas are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid around cell tissues
Arteries
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Walls are thick, strong and elastic
Veins
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Contain valves, which maintain a unidirectional flow of blood
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Blood
components
plasma is 55%
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Ions- blood electrolytes
are Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, K and bicarbonate
they function as buffer, maintain osmotic balance and regulate membrane permeability
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Osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from the hypotonic region to the hypertonic
Marine water animals
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Some marine animals are osmoregulators; they control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment
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Few aquatic invertebrates that live in temporary ponds can lose almost all their body water and survive. This adaptation is called ANHYDROBIOSIS
Nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia
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In many invertebrates, ammonia release occurs across the whole body surfaces
Urea
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In vertebrates, urea is the product of metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with CO2 in the liver
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Uric acid
Many reptiles, insects, land snails
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Major excretory organs
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Ureter, urinary bladder and urethra transport urine
Blood pressure
contraction of a heart ventricle generates blood pressure, which exerts force in all directions
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