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Immune System (HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Leads to Acquired Immune…
Immune System
HIV
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Outside is a lipid envelope, embedded with attachment proteins
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ELISA test, uses antibodies, to test quantity too
Normal amount of Th cells =800 to 1200 per mm^3, Someone with HIV = 200 per mm^3
Antibodies
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Made from 4 polypeptide chains, long (heavy chains) and short (light chains)
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Cause agglutination of bacteria cells, making it easier to be engulfed and located.
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Monoclonal antibodies are made able to attack specific antigens such as cancer cells to block cell growth
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Monoclonal antibodies have some ethical issues such as the use of mice and may cause some deaths and organ failure if done wrong
Humoral Immunity
As many as 10M different B cells, each produce a specific antibody
Antigens are complementary to one of the B cells and enters the B cell by endocytosis + gets presented on the surface
Helper T cells (Th) bind to these antigens and stimulate B cells to divide by mitosis to produce an antibody complementary to the antigen
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Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma, they survive for a few days and make up to 2000 antibodies every second. They are used as an immediate defence against infection (Primary Immune Response)
Memory cells (Secondary Immune Response) live much longer and divide rapidly if the same antigen is present into plasma cells and more memory cells. Leading to long-term immunity. This is a much faster response and prevents any harm
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
T lymphocytes can distinguish the non-self cells by the antigens on the surface of the cell-surface membrane (CSM)
Antigen-presenting cells can present foreign antigens of other cells on its own cell-surface membrane
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Pathogens invade host, phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its own CSM, this fits exactly onto receptors on the T cells + causes the T cells to undergo mitosis.
These T cells can 1. Develop into memory cells for a future infection. 2. Stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens. 3. Stimulate B cells to divide + secrete antibodies. 4.Activate cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
Tc cells kill abnormal cells by producing perforin (protein) that makes holes in the CSM, making the cell permeable to all substances + dies. Most effective against viruses
Vaccination
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Active Immunity
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Artificial forms from vaccinations, without any symptoms
Stimulates an immune response, causing memory cells to be made
Needs to be economically available, few side effects, able to be stored and transported, easy way to administer it and can create herd immunity
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Cell Recognition
Lymphocytes bump into body cells at birth,and those that fit, will be destroyed or suppressed (Apoptosis).
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In adults, lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow
Antibiotics
Work by weakening the cell wall of bacterium by inhibiting the metabolic processes of forming the cell wall's strength
As viruses lack metabolic processes, antibiotics cannot work