Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Dark Personalities (Darkness or Dark factors (Paulhus & Williams 2002,…

- - - - N associated with low Modesty and low Straightforwardness
    - - N associated with high Achievement-striving and Competence
      - P associated with low Dutifulness and low Deliberation
  - - - Developed to encompass socially aversive behaviour/traits
    - - Ns aggress towards ego threats, Ps toward physical threats
      - Higher IQ linked to narcissism only
- - - - Focus on short-term mating strategy
      - Poach mates, but their mates are poached - Spend resources to retain mates
      - Males and females high on Dark Triad have high standards for choosing long-term mates
      - More sexual partners
      - Males have lower standard for short-term mates See Jonason et al., 2011
    - - Women rate men who score highly on Dark Triad more attractive
        
        Even when controlling for physical attractiveness
        
        And perceived Big Five traits
      - Dark Triad traits desirable for short-term mating strategy
        
        Enhances reproductive success?
        
        Sexual conflict?
      - Sexual selection?
        
        Response to good salesmanship -> DT individuals charming and manipulative
        
        Tactics within the ‘evolutionary arms race’?
      - People who score highly on Dark Triad are attractive
        
        But evidence that we can identify them from facial features E.g. Holtzman (2011)
- - - - Successful psychopathy - 3 models
        
        differential-severity model (milder expression of clinical psychopathy)
        
        moderated-expression model (tempered by protective factors)
        
        differential-configuration model (differ in constituent traits)
      - Although successful psychopathy has long been the province of popular psychology, recent research has begun to shed light on this enigmatic construct. Provisional evidence suggests that, in contrast to unsuccessful psychopathy, successful psychopathy is characterized by higher levels of autonomic responsivity and executive functioning; it may also be tied to elevated fearless dominance and conscientiousness or, within the triarchic model, high boldness and low disinhibition, respectively.
      - These results lend preliminary support to both the moderatedexpression and differential-configuration models, raising the possibility that they are amenable to integration. Specifically, the distinctive traits of successful psychopathy may be protective factors that buffer psychopathic individuals against antisocial outcomes. Alternatively, they may be variables that combine with core psychopathic features, such as guiltlessness and callousness, to forge a distinctive “subspecies” of psychopathy
      - At the same time, the nascent literature on successful psychopathy is limited in several respects. Researchers will need to develop more consistent operationalizations of success, examine the roles of intelligence and parenting as potential protective variables, and examine statistical interactions between psychopathy and putative protective variables. Such interactions are implied by the moderated-expression model but have rarely been tested (cf. Wall et al., 2013). By attending to these desiderata, researchers will hopefully achieve a better understanding of how one person with pronounced psychopathic traits can end up being the prototype of the habitual criminal, whereas another can end up being the prototype for Agent 007
    - - DT males lower standards than non DT
      - indicative of Plan B strategy - more options for mates
      - or Plan A - rejection (due to disagreeable nature) - then Plan B
      - should use SD3 in future - more useful for assessing associations with individual aspects
      - Ps dont value kindness in mates
    - - used self descriptions of DT and non DT individuals
      - wanted to eliminate physical attractiveness as a confound
      - asked women to rate attractiveness as well as Big 5
      - past research shown that DT self report mating success and high numbers of sexual partners however is this due to tendency for deceit
      - results: women rated DT as more attractive, indepedent of Big 5
        
        sexual selection/conflict explanation
        
        Ps undergrad students - possibly more short-term relationship outlook, agreeableness of women as a confound?
  - - - positive aspects
        
        higher E, more affilaitive humour style, higher IQ and a socially charming disposition
      - linked to poor judgement - fast life
    - - heightened cardiovasxular stress reactivity, low N
      - provides some adaptive benefits
    - - collective is useful for making higher level predictions regarding the underlying nature of the core, prediction at trait level may be more mechanistic
    - - DT members have strategies to minimise detection, people have heightened brain responses to faces of people scoring high on psychopathy
      - coevolutionary arms race
      - social and occupatonal niches could be found for DTs instead of simply trying to cange these people into 'good'
  - - - distinction between clinical and subclinical
        
        narcissism and psychopathy are personality disorders in DSM-IV-TR
        
        although sublclinical implies a milder verdsion, the sample will inevitably cover a wider range and some extreme cases who have not sought treatment
        
        psychopathy has often been seen as synonymous withe xtremely low scores on A and C
      - empirical coherence
        
        original impetus for study of DArk Triad is the discrepancy between dinstict theoretical origins and empiricla findings which suggest overlap
        
        empirical overlap
        
        factor analysis - P & N load on same factor, all 3 load on H-H
        
        extent to which these correlations are a function of the psychometric properties of the measures, item overlap, common components
        
        key to differentiating the DT lies in administering measures of all 3 to the same sample and applying multiple regression to determine their independent contributions
        
        eg Machiiavellians more likely to plagiarise & avoid risky bets, Narcissists selfenhance & agress after ego threat, Psychopaths bully and carry out revenge fantasies
        
        observers can distinguish the DT members - Ziegelr & Lammle 2012 - close informants
        
        wide breadth of A allows it to correlate with a wide range of lower order traits - not necessarlily for same reason
        
        whatever the causal order, callousness goes hand in hand with interpersonal manipulation and exploitation. more research needed ti determinw whether diff in labeling substantiuve or semantic
      - biological basis
        
        substantial genetic component, M most modified by experience
        
        evolutionary theory - parasites - fast life history strategy
        
        thus each DT member exploits others in a unique social enviro wherein their brand of callous exploitation fosters success
        
        see mating strategy above
      - Construct validity (measurement)
        
        broader predictive power of SD3 comapred to Dirty Dozen
        
        DT correlates with low A and C understandably. Why not use FFM instead? - different correlations when facets of A and C used
        
        all 3 load on H-H as it explicitly contrasts pro and aniti social beh
- - - - Higher executive function and information processing
      - Higher autonomic functioning
    - - Significant neurological deficits
      - Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume
      - Greater hippocampal asymmetry
    - - Moderated-expression Atypical presentation of clinical psychopathy where aversive aspects attenuated by protective factors
      - Differential-configuration Different constellation of traits -> different roots
      - Differential-severity Mild expression of clinical psychopathy
  - - - Cynicism
      - Manipulativeness
      - Pragmatic morality
      - Skilled at deception
      - Whatever it takes - Hard and soft tactics
  - - - Positively correlated with self-esteem
        
        Differential correlations with attitudinal aggression if SE stable/unstable
      - vAnity
      - Entitlement
      - Sense of superiority
      - Grandiosity
      - Dominance
- - - - Craving
      - Not limited to sexual fetishes or criminality
      - Pleasure in cruelty
      - Unprovoked aggression
      - Antisocial behaviour
      - ‘Personality and Tolerance for Challenging Jobs’ Buckels et al 2013
        
        Study 1 Tasks from 4 real-life jobs: exterminator exterminator’s assistant sanitation worker cold environment workers
        
        Measures: Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (O’Meara et al., 2011) Short Dark Triad Scale (Jones & Paulhus, 2011) Disgust scale Posttask emotions -> ‘pleasure’ composite
        
        Results:
        
        Exterminators and Assistants had highest Sadism scores Predicted task choice, even controlling for Disgust Controlling for Sadism removed predictive role of Dark Triad
        
        Sadists reported lower posttask pleasure Regardless of task choice
        
        But Sadists who killed bugs reported higher posttask pleasure Number of bugs killed predicted posttask pleasure
        
        Study 2: Sadists will put in effort to be aggressive to innocent and unknown others