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Urinary System (Electrolytes (calcium (most abundant in bone and teeth…

- - - - can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest
    - - too much potassium
        
        can be treated with insulin
  - - - common buffer in urine
  - - - follow Na by electrostatic interactions
  - - - 99% stored in the extracellular matrix
    - - when the blood has too little calcium
        
        nueromuscular irritability and tetany
    - - too much calcium in the blood
        
        kidney stones, interfere with your heart and brain
  - - - Na is above normal levels
    - - lower Na levels
- - - - originates in the renal cortex and extends to a collecting tubule
      - simple cuboidal epithelium
      - small cells, sparse, short, and apicial microvilli
    - - loop of Henle
      - descending limb
      - ascending limb
    - - first region of renal tubule
      - originates at tubular pole
      - simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli
      - most reasbsorption occurs here
  - - - renal tubule originates
    - - afferent and efferent arterioles attach to glomerulus
    - - blood enters by afferent rterioles
      - blood exits by efferent arteriole
    - - bowman's capsule
      - capsular space
        
        recieves filtrate
      - visceral layer
        
        overlies glomerular capillaries
      - parietal layer
        
        simple squamous epithelium
  - - - exstends into medulla
    - - regulates filtrate formation and blood pressure
        
        granular cells
        
        JG cells
        
        modifies smooth muscle cells
        
        synthesize, store, and release renin exzyme
        
        contracts when stimulate
        
        angiotensin II
        
        macula densa
        
        Detects changes in NaCl
        
        signal granular cells to release renin through paracrin stimulator