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Tests to Identify Organic Compounds (Reaction with oxidants (Alkenes:…
Tests to Identify Organic Compounds
Solubility in water
Miscible in water
Alcohols (C1 to C3 approx)
Carboxylic acids (C1 to C3 approx)
Amines
Immiscible in water
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Haloalkanes
Larger alcohols, carboxylic acids and amines
Reaction with Bromine water
Alkanes: decolourise bromine water in a SLOW reaction which needs light. SUBSTITUTION REACTION
Alkenes, Alkynes: decolourise bromine water in a FAST reaction (ADDITION REACTION)
Other useful tests
Smell
Amines smell like dead fish
Carboxylic acids smell sharp, vinegary, rancid
Esters smell sweet, like fruit
Lucas reagent
Tertiary alcohols react rapidly. Secondary alcohols react within minutes. Primary alcohols react very slowly, if at all.
Reactions of acids and bases
Amines react as bases
Turns moist litmus blue
Carboxylic acids react as acids
Turns moist litmus red
Acid + base -> salt + water
acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen
acid + carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water
Reaction with oxidants
Alkenes: decolourises H+/MnO4- to make a diol. (OXIDATION REACTION)
Alcohols and aldehydes: decolourises H+/MnO4- or H+/Cr2O72- (OXIDATION REACTION)
Ketones: are not oxidised
Tests to discriminate aldehydes and ketones: Tollens silver mirror, Fehlings, Benedicts,