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42+44 (Circulatory systems (Hearts (Mammal Heart (Double Circulation, 4…
42+44
Circulatory systems
Closed Circulatory
A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessals and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid
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Single Circulation
A circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart.
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Open Circulatory
A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
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Double Circulation
A circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit.
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Hearts
Mammal Heart
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Advantage : every effective at delivering oxygen, good at
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Fishes Heart
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Advantage : Simple, requires less energy,
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Blood Vessels
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Capillaries
A microscopic blood vessal that penetrates the tissue and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
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Blood
A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets are suspended
Blood Pressure :the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
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Lymphatic System
Function : Transport a the lymph (a fluid that contains white blood cells that fight infections) throughout the body
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Organs : thymus spleen, tonsils, and appendix, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, lymph nodes.
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Osmosis
What does it do? Osmosis is when water moves through a semi permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Why is it important Osmosis is the primary way that water moves in and out of a cell and is the primary way that each cell gets its nurtients
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Waste
Urea
A soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide
Mammals, adult amphibians, sharks, and some marine bony fishes and turtles
Uric acid
A product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste product of insects, land snails, and many reptiles. Uric acid is relatively nontoxic and largely insoluble
Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds.
Ammonia
A small, toxic molecule produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism
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Respiratory system
Breathing
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Muscles involved : Diaphragm, Intercostal muscles ( muscles attached to the ribs that assist in inhalation), muscles located in the neck, back and chest will also come into effect when needed ( during exercise or when in respiratory distress)
Organs : Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli
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Specialized Organs
Gillls
Function : The gills contains capillaries that uses the movemnt of water through them for gas exchange.
Advantage : very effective for life underwater, lots of surface area and lots of blood to pick up oxygen.
Creatures : Fishes, sharks, eels, etc
Disadvantage : is not usable on land, easy for parasites to attach.
lungs
Funtions : Air enters through the nostrils and is then filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified, and sampled for oders as it flows through a maze of spaces in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity leads to the pharynx where it travels though the larynx and then to the trachea. Once it reaches the trachea the air branches into two paths each leading to a different lung
Advantage : helps reduce water loss, maintains a moist gas exhange surface, allow creatures to live in more enviorments, has a larger surface area to volume ratio.
Creatures : Mammels,birds, reptiles, etc
Disadvantage : Doesn't work underwater, not all the air can be forced out of lung, the gas exchange surface is warm and moist and is continuously ventilated, making the site a significant water loss, easy to get infected due to warm moist area.
Skin
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Advantage : very simple, requires little to no energy.
Creatures : Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms
Disadvantage : The rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area it occurs on, not suitable for life on land.
Excretory system
Organs
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Urethra
Function : Realses urine from the mammalian body near the vigina in females and through the penis in males
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Nephron
Organs
Bowmans capsule
Function : A cup shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate enters from the blood
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Proximal tubule
Function : the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from bowmans capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate
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Glomerulus
Function : A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowmans Capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney
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Peritubular capillaries
Function : one of the tiny blood vessels that form a network surrounding the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney
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Distal tubule
Function : In the vertebrate kidneys, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct
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Fresh vs Marine
Marine :
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Uses its gills and kidneys ( in the form of urine) to excretion salt ions and a very small amount of water
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Fresh :
Most fresh water animals are osmoregulatory ( to control internal osmolarity independent from its enviroment).
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Function :a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body
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