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Child Language Theorists (Behaviourist (Behaviour is learnt from role…
Child Language Theorists
Behaviourist
Behaviour is learnt from role models leading to imitation, and also positive/negative reinforcement
Pavlov
Pavlov's dog experiment. Linking stimulus and response (unconditional) and explained classical conditioning (learning by association) and operant conditioning (learning process with reward/punishment)
Skinner
Imitation and Reinforcement.
Children imitate caregivers and this is rewarded and mistakes are corrected
Limitations:
-Can't be explained if child uses correct form and caregivers are incorrect
-Can't explain over generalisations
-Ethical issues - teaching with punishment
-Cant be exclusively on repetition as its not about memorisation
Cognitive
Piaget
Believes children have intellectual and conceptual intelligence before language.
You have to have an understanding of the world around you before you can vocally say a word. Sensorimotor stage - We learn through our senses and experiences. e.g. 12-14m develop a representation ability. Comparative - need a concept of size, past tense - understand concept of time
THEORY The notion of object permanence - ability to recognise an object still exists even if you can't see it.
Involving conscious intellectual activity (such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering)
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Vygotsky
Zone of Proximal Development - distance between what the child needs help with and
what they can do independently.
A child's understanding and language are linked.
Interactionist
Jerome Bruner
Believes social environment affects language development and that caregivers play a crucial role.
Child Directed Speech
Facilitating and teaching by simplifying. Works with physical aspects e.g. nodding, smiling
Features include:
-Higher pitched voice (prosodic cues)
-Repeated sentence frames (including echoing)
-Yes/no questions
-Simplified grammar (omit verbs)
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Nativist
Chomsky - Believes there is a certain part of the brain for language called a LAD. Believes children are pre-disposed to learn it and there is a universal grammar with structural awareness.
Pinker and Other Evidence
Provides evidence for this and supports this theory. For example, forming plural constructions
Other evidence includes stroke victims because the site of damage may cause language dysfunction
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Berko-Gleason
The Wug Test was an experiment to test inflectional/suffixes endings such as '-ed' and '-s'
Functionalist
Learn to get what we need
Structuralist Skinner, Chomsky etc
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F- Tomasello - Suggests children are motivated to learn language first because it serves a purpose/function for them. Children acquire language by understanding how other use it e.g. building relationships, express emotions, command
F - Halliday - Believes there are 7 functions of language overall. 3 environment functions and 4 meeting the needs functions.
- Environmental functions - Heuristic (find out about the world), imaginative (reality and fantasy), representational (communicate factual info).
- Needs functions - Instrumental (what they want satisfying), Regulatory (make requests/control), Interactional (relate to others/relationships) and Personal (express feelings)