Lymphatic System
Functions:
transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they are destroyed
storage and maturation of WBCs
recycling fluids
absorption of glycerol and fatty acids
organs/parts
lymph capillaries: smallest pipes
lymphatic fluid: fluid filling lymph capillaries
large vessels
straw colored
water is primary component
contains digested nutrients
lymphatic trunks
collecting ducts
bronchomedialstinal
subclavian
intercostal
jugular trunks
intestinal
lumbar
Thoracic duct: lumbar, intestinal, and intercostal empty into here
right lymphatic duct: bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular empty here
Circulation of lymphatic fluid
blood to tissue
tissue to lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels
lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes
lymph nodes to lymph vessels
lymph vessels to collecting ducts
collecting ducts to lymph trunks
lymph trunks to subclavian veins, reentering blood stream
Diseases/disorders
Tonsillitis: inflammed tonsils
cancer
Spleen
thymus
stage 1: no spread from origin
stage 2: spread to local tissues
stage 3: spread to lymph nodes
stage 4: spread to didstant organs(Terminal)
protection from invasion
Antigens: identifys as friend or foe
antibodies: make proteins that bind to antigens and fight infection
Immunity
Innate: bodys inborn ability to fight infection
adaptive: specific and remembers previous encounters
WBCs: responsible to defend against invaders
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes: cells with spots
Agranulocytes(mononuclear): no spots
T-cells: kill pathogens directly, reguilate immune response, activate other lymphocutes, remember past infections
B-cells: release antibodies to foreign antigens, remember past infections
natural killer cells: kills cells displaying foreign antigens
dendritic cells: antigen displaying cells, weakly phagocytotic
eosinophils: conteract basophils
basophils&mast cells: release inflammatory chemicals. basophils mobile, mast cells found in connective tissue
macrophages: phagocytosis in later infection, stimulates immune system, antigen displaying cell
neutrtophils: phagocytosis early in infection
Leukemia: overproduction of WBCs
Lymphocytic: lymphocytes
Acute: WBCs immature
Myelogenous: blood stem cells
Chronic: mature WBCs
chemicals: fight invaders
Cytokines: stimulates immune response by increasing inflammation, stimulating lymphocytes, and enhancing phagocytosis
interlukins: involved in every aspect of innate and adaptiv eimmunity
interferon: stimulates cells to produce chemicals that protect cells from viruses
tumor necrosis factor: stimulates macrophages and cause necrosis
complement cascade: series of actions that activate 20 proteins that stimulates phagocytosis, lysis of baceterial cell membranes, attract WBCs to site of infection, clumping of cells w/ foreign antigens, and alteration of virus structure
Inflammation: deliberate action of body in response to damage on tissue
margination: walled off area to prevent virus from spreading
widespread inflammation: anaphylaxis
Positive feedback: starts and continues until turned off
Fever: attempt by immune system to increase body heat to destroy pathogens
destroys anything non-self w/o using specific methods to kill
learns from experience and remembers specific responses to the pathogens
Autoimmune disorders: attacks part of its own body
Lupus Erythematosus: attacks every tissue
type 1 diabetes: attacks beta cells in pancreas
rheumatoid arthritis: attacks joint linings
myasthenia Gravis: attacks acetylocholine receptors in skeletal muscle
multiple sclerosis: attacks myelin sheath in CNS
graves disease: attacks thyroid gland
addison disease: attacks adrenal gland
Lymphocyte activation: lymphocytes develop, mature, and are selected when you're young; they begin as undifferentiated w/ potential to become anything
Lymphocyte proliferation
proliferation of all other lymphocytes
proliferation of helper T-cells
HIV/AIDS: AIDS is caused by infection w/ HIV virus
disease appears as HIV and then progresses into full blown AIDS
Cells:
B-cells: responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, fighting pathogens by making and releasing antibodies to attack specific pathogens
antigen displaying cells: sends out signals calling for weapons of adaptive immunity, and B/T cells
cytotoxic t-cells: responsible for death of pathogens, releases cytokine(perforin), stimulates innate and adaptive immunity attracting macrophages to site of infection
Memory T-cells: responsible for secondary response and adaptive immunity's ability to improve w/ experience
Regulatory T-cells: off switch for immune system once threat is over.