Lymphatic System

Functions:

transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they are destroyed

storage and maturation of WBCs

recycling fluids

absorption of glycerol and fatty acids

organs/parts

lymph capillaries: smallest pipes

lymphatic fluid: fluid filling lymph capillaries

large vessels

straw colored

water is primary component

contains digested nutrients

lymphatic trunks

collecting ducts

bronchomedialstinal

subclavian

intercostal

jugular trunks

intestinal

lumbar

Thoracic duct: lumbar, intestinal, and intercostal empty into here

right lymphatic duct: bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular empty here

Circulation of lymphatic fluid

blood to tissue

tissue to lymphatic capillaries

lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels

lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes

lymph nodes to lymph vessels

lymph vessels to collecting ducts

collecting ducts to lymph trunks

lymph trunks to subclavian veins, reentering blood stream

Diseases/disorders

Tonsillitis: inflammed tonsils

cancer

Spleen

thymus

stage 1: no spread from origin

stage 2: spread to local tissues

stage 3: spread to lymph nodes

stage 4: spread to didstant organs(Terminal)

protection from invasion

Antigens: identifys as friend or foe

antibodies: make proteins that bind to antigens and fight infection

Immunity

Innate: bodys inborn ability to fight infection

adaptive: specific and remembers previous encounters

WBCs: responsible to defend against invaders

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes: cells with spots

Agranulocytes(mononuclear): no spots

T-cells: kill pathogens directly, reguilate immune response, activate other lymphocutes, remember past infections

B-cells: release antibodies to foreign antigens, remember past infections

natural killer cells: kills cells displaying foreign antigens

dendritic cells: antigen displaying cells, weakly phagocytotic

eosinophils: conteract basophils

basophils&mast cells: release inflammatory chemicals. basophils mobile, mast cells found in connective tissue

macrophages: phagocytosis in later infection, stimulates immune system, antigen displaying cell

neutrtophils: phagocytosis early in infection

Leukemia: overproduction of WBCs

Lymphocytic: lymphocytes

Acute: WBCs immature

Myelogenous: blood stem cells

Chronic: mature WBCs

chemicals: fight invaders

Cytokines: stimulates immune response by increasing inflammation, stimulating lymphocytes, and enhancing phagocytosis

interlukins: involved in every aspect of innate and adaptiv eimmunity

interferon: stimulates cells to produce chemicals that protect cells from viruses

tumor necrosis factor: stimulates macrophages and cause necrosis

complement cascade: series of actions that activate 20 proteins that stimulates phagocytosis, lysis of baceterial cell membranes, attract WBCs to site of infection, clumping of cells w/ foreign antigens, and alteration of virus structure

Inflammation: deliberate action of body in response to damage on tissue

margination: walled off area to prevent virus from spreading

widespread inflammation: anaphylaxis

Positive feedback: starts and continues until turned off

Fever: attempt by immune system to increase body heat to destroy pathogens

destroys anything non-self w/o using specific methods to kill

learns from experience and remembers specific responses to the pathogens

Autoimmune disorders: attacks part of its own body

Lupus Erythematosus: attacks every tissue

type 1 diabetes: attacks beta cells in pancreas

rheumatoid arthritis: attacks joint linings

myasthenia Gravis: attacks acetylocholine receptors in skeletal muscle

multiple sclerosis: attacks myelin sheath in CNS

graves disease: attacks thyroid gland

addison disease: attacks adrenal gland

Lymphocyte activation: lymphocytes develop, mature, and are selected when you're young; they begin as undifferentiated w/ potential to become anything

Lymphocyte proliferation

proliferation of all other lymphocytes

proliferation of helper T-cells

HIV/AIDS: AIDS is caused by infection w/ HIV virus

disease appears as HIV and then progresses into full blown AIDS

Cells:

B-cells: responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, fighting pathogens by making and releasing antibodies to attack specific pathogens

antigen displaying cells: sends out signals calling for weapons of adaptive immunity, and B/T cells

cytotoxic t-cells: responsible for death of pathogens, releases cytokine(perforin), stimulates innate and adaptive immunity attracting macrophages to site of infection

Memory T-cells: responsible for secondary response and adaptive immunity's ability to improve w/ experience

Regulatory T-cells: off switch for immune system once threat is over.