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Urinary (Electrolytes (Potassium (98% in ICF 2%in ECF (Principle ion in…

- - - - Principle ion in exerting intracellular osmotic pressure
        
        Required for neuromuscular activities and heart rythm
        
        Hyperkalemia: above normal potassium
        
        Hypokalemia: Below normal potassium levels
  - - - 85% stored in teeth as calcium phosphate
        
        Component of DNA,RNA, phospholipids
        
        Intracellular and urine buffer
  - - - also found in stomach as HCl
        
        moat abundant in ECF
  - - - needed for muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release
        
        serves as second messenger and participates in blood clotting
        
        Hypercalcemia: Above normal calcium
        
        Hypocalcemia: Below normal calcium
  - - - present as NaHCO3 or NaCL
        
        responsible for 50% of osmotic pressure gradient
        
        Hypernatremia: above normal sodium
        
        Hyponatremia: below normal sodium levels
- - - - Water and solutes enter capsular space
        
        different pressures in filtration
        
        Blood colloid osmotic pressure
        
        Opposes HPg
        
        Osmotic pressure exerted by blood due to dissolved solutes
        
        Protein most important
        
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        Capsular hydrostatic pressure
        
        pressure in the golmerular capsule due to filtrate in capsular space
        
        impedes movement of additional fluid from blood into space
        
        Glomular Hydrostatic (Blood) Pressure
        
        pushes water and some dissolved solutes into capsular space
        
        Higher pressure than other systemic capillaries (60mmHg)
  - - - Descending Limb
        
        Proximal convoluted tubule
        
        Reabsorption
        
        Substances Reabsorbed Completely
        
        Glucose
        
        first transported into tubule cell by Na+/glucose symporter proteins
        
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        Proteins
        
        some small/medium sized proteins may appear in filtrate
        
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        Sodium ions actively transported from nephron tubules to interstitial space where they diffuse into blood
        
        Causes extracellular fluid to become positive
        
        "pulls" negative ions out of nephron tubules
        
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        Secretion
        
        materials not filtered or reabsorbed must be secreted from peritubular capillaries
        
        done either by active transport or passive diffusion
        
        substances include nitrogenous waste, certain drugs, some hormones, K+, H+,, NH4+
      - Ascending limb
  - - - papillary duct
  - - - urine travels through collecting ducts to ureters, stored briefly in bladder and excreted through urethera
- - - - majority of fluid here
  - - - includes interstitial fluid (IF) and blood plasma