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Lecture 2: Part 2 (Key Characteristics of Urban Poverty - Beall and Fox…
Lecture 2: Part 2
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Assets, more than just capital
Physical (housing, equipment for economic activities)
Human (labour, skills, health
Social (networks, support)
Political (representation, influence)
Financial (income, savings)
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Urban Poverty - Facts
- 1993-2002, people living on $1 fell by 150 million in rural areas
- Rose by 50 million in urban areas
- Johannesburg and Bogota most unequal cities.
Lack of assets - more vulnerable to impoverishment. Can lead to chronic poverty - vicious cycle of certain deprivations
Thus Chambers and Conway (1992) argue for the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework where livelihoods should look beyond the discourse of income but spectrums of capabilities and diversification e.g. Ruth Ellis (2000)' Diversification of labour for women
When we talk about critical urbanism - it means to be critical of current/normative urban policies/discourse. This is therefore a critical perspective or urban measurements of poverty (Brenner, 2009)
Austerity also impacts the impoverished more and the most marginalised of groups as they are the ones to first face the consequences first. E.g. Women (Chakrabarti, 2017)