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Chapter 42 and 44 (Circulation and Gas Exchange (Cardiovascular System…
Chapter 42 and 44
Circulation and Gas Exchange
Functions and Types of Systems
Open Circulatory System
: Circulatory fluid is called Hemolymph
Hemolymph
: Interstitial fluid that bathes the body cells
Contractions of the heart pumps hemolymph through circulatory vessels and connected sinuses.
Closed Circulatory System
: Circulatory fluid called blood
Blood
: Confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
One or more hearts pump into large vessels that branch into smaller ones that infiltrate the tissues and orgns
Single Pump Circulation
: Blood travels through the body and returns to its starting point in a single circuit.
Double Pump Circulation
: The pumps for the circuits are combined into a single organ, having both pumps withing a single heart simplified coordination of the cycle.
Types of Hearts
Fish
have a single circuit for blood flow and a two-chambered heart that has only a single atrium and a single ventricle
Amphibians
have a three-chambered heart that has two atria and one ventricle
Most
reptiles
also have a three-chambered heart similar to the amphibian heart that directs blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Mammals
and
Birds
, the heart is also divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers separated by a slash
The first number is Systolic Pressure; the second is the diastolic pressure.
120/70; Higher number is always on top
Lymph Circulation
Lost fluid and proteins within it are recovered and returned to the blood via the
Lymphatic System
Fluids diffused into the system via a network of tiny vessels intermingled with capillaries
The recovery fluid is called
Lymph
, circulated within the lymphatic system before draining into a pair of large veins of the cardiovascular system
This is what joins the Lymphatic and Cardiovascular system and completes the recovery of lost fluids
Lymph Nodes
: Lymph-filtering organs which play an important role in the body's defenses.
When the body is fighting infections, the white blood cells multiply repidly and the lymph nodes become swollen and tender
Different Types of Breathing
Positive Pressure
: Inflating the lungs with forced airflow, drawing air through its nostrils.
Negative Pressure
: Pulling rather than pushing air into the lungs. Using muscle contractions actively expand the thoracic cavities.
Partial Pressure
: The Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.
How Amphibians Breathe
Inflation begins when muscles lower the floor of an amphibian's mouth, drawing in air through its nostrils.
With the nostrils and mouth closed the floor of the mouth rises forcing air down the trachea.
Exhalation follows as air is expelled by the elastic recoil of the lungs
How Birds Breathe
Passes air over the gas exchange surface in only one direction
Air sacs situated on either side of the lungs act as bellows that direct air flow through the lungs.
Organs
Mammals
Larynx
: Moves upwards and tips the epiglottis over the glottis, separates the esophagus from the trachea
Trachea
Windpipe
Lungs
Localized respiratory organs, representing an infolding of the body surface
Bronchi
(Singular, Bronchus), branches that lead into the lungs and break off into smaller finer tubes
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Air sacs clustered at the sips of the bronchioles.
Surfactant
A mixture of phospholipids and proteins
Aquatic Animals
Gills
Out foldings on the body surface that are suspended in the water.
Ventilation
Movement of respiratory medium over the respiratory surface, maintaining partial pressure.
Counter-current Exchange
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions.
Insects
Tracheal System
: A network of air tubes that branch throughout the body.
Enclosed within the body, exposed to the atmosphere only through narrow tubes
Cardiovascular System
Often used to describe the heart and blood vessels in vertebrates.
Blood circulates to and from the heart through an amazingly extensive network of vessels
Arteries
: Carry blood from the heart to organs throughout the body
Arterioles
: Arteries branch into smaller Arterioles
Capillaries
: Microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls.
Capillary Beds
: Network of Capillaries; Infiltrate tissues, passing within a few cell diameters of every cell in the body.
Venules
: Capillaries converge into Venules, and then they converge into veins.
Veins
: Vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Atria
: Singular Atrium, Chamber of the heart that receives blood
Ventricles
: Chamber of the heart that is responsible for pumping the blood out of the heart
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Osmosis
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one,
Or in English: Water traveling across a semi-permeable membrane from low concentration to a high concentration
Differences Between Freshwater and Marine Animals
Freshwater
Gain of water and some ions in food
Uptake
of salt ions by gills
Osmotic water
gain
through gills and other parts of body surface
Excretion of salt ions and
larger
amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys
Marine Animals
Gain of water and salt ions from food
Gain of water and salt ions from drinking sea water
Excretion
of salt ions from gills
Osmotic water
loss
though gills and other parts of the body surface
Excretion
of salt ions and
Small
amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys
What organisms Produce...
Ammonia
; Animals that excrete Ammonia need access to lots of water because ammonia can be tolerated only at low concentrations. Excreted by Fish
Urea
; a product of an energy-consuming metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide in the liver. Excreted by Most Mammals
Uric Acid
; Relatively nontoxic and does not readily dissolve in water, it therefore can be excreted as a semisolid paste with very little water loss. Excreted by birds and reptiles.
Major Excretory Organs
Kidneys
; A pair of organs, transports and stores urine.
Renal Cortex
; the outer region of the kidney; extensions of the cortical tissue, contains about one million blood filtering nephrons
Renal Medulla
; the outer region of the kidney; extensions of the cortical tissue, contains about one million blood filtering nephrons
Renal Pelvis
; basin-like area that collects urine from the nephrons, it narrows into the upper end of the ureter
Ureter
; a duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder or cloaca.
Urinary Bladder
; muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone, stores urine till it is ready to be expelled
Urethra
; a duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder.
Parts of a Nephron
Proximal Tubule
; reabsorbs ions, nutrients, plasma proteins, vitamins and water. secretes some hydrogen ions
Loop of Henle
; Made up of a descending and ascending loop, which function to reduce the volume of the urine while reabsorbing sodium and chloride.
Distal Tubule
; Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective re-absorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate re-absorption of water and sodium
Bowman's Capsule
; produces a filtrate of blood that must be modified as it passes thru the convoluted tubules and nephron loop