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The Camera (11.0 Audio (Most cameras come with microphone to pick up…

- - - - Shows the variations in shot sizes the lens will provide.
    - - Remember :!!: Smaller the f-stop number, the larger the lens’ maximum aperture which means better performance under dim lighting (low-light) conditions.
        
        It controls the pictures' exposure and brightness
  - - - Has a specific (unchangeable focal length). Used by mostly by film-makers, digital filmmakers, and in special use situations such as security or scientific research.
      - Only the iris (diaphragm) within the lens barrel is adjustable.
      - The focus ring varies the entire lens system’s distance from the receiving chip.
      - Camera operator has to physically move nearer or farther from the subject to get a closer or distant shot. The alternative is to have a variety of prime lens with a variety of focal lengths
    - - The most popular lens. Variable focal length and are able to move easily from wide-angle to telephoto focal lengths. Easy to zoom in and out
      - Most video and television cameras come with optical zoom lenses which is used to magnify the image and send it to the chip.
      - Many consumer video cameras has lens system that combines both an optical zoom and a digital zoom.
        
        Optical zoom
        
        Lenses used to magnify the image and send it to the chip. The optical zoom retains the original quality of the camera’s chips and should give a consistently high-quality image throughout its zoom range. Focus and clarity of picture should remain consistent as well.
        
        Digital Zoom
        
        Zooming in is achieved by progressively showing a smaller area of the same digitally constructed picture.The quality will also progressively reduce as they zoom in because fewer of the original picture’s pixels are being spread across the television screen.
      - Camera operators may use remote controls to operate the zoom lens while standing at the back of the camera.
  - - - Avoids the build up of grime, keeps out grit and moisture on the front surface of the protection filter (UV) or the lens surface.
      - Lens surface has a special bluish coating - improves picture contrast and tonal gradation. This film can be easily damaged if it is cleaned carelessly or is scratched.
    - - A filter that is kept on the front of the lens to avoid front lens element from damaging.
    - - A shield fitted around the end of the lens that protects from stray lights that could inter-reflect within the internal lens elements . Avoid the spurious effects of light, mottling, or overall veiling that could other-wise develop.
- - - - The longer the telephoto used, the less amount of depth of field (the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in focus).
    - - The background will also be magnified when zooming in along with the image when zooming in. Hence, background would also look different compared to the original image,
    - - The longer the telephoto, the smaller the depth of field.
    - - Shake is magnified when telephoto is longer, vice versa for wider shots.
    - - Lenses can distort shapes. For example, on a very wide angle shots when tilted up, a tall building will look as it is was going to fall.
- - - - Camera makes technical judgments so artistic traits are compromised.
    - - Avoid poor-quality video images
- - - - It changes the brightness of the image falling onto the chip, which simultaneously changes the picture’s exposure
      - Changes the depth of field which changes the sharpness of the things around the subject of focus.
    - - Choose an f-stop which suits the exposure (Add and reduce lighting if necessary).
      - Chose an f-stop that gives specific depth of field to get either shallow focus (only subject is in focus) or deep focus (everything in the picture is in focus).
      - Settle on an f-stop that averages the lighting situation (When there is little to no control of the lighting that comes in, operator has no choice but to do it manually and accept the depth of field resulting).
- - - - Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
        
        Less frequently used but rapidly growing
        
        More susceptible to noise but technology has improved
        
        Consumes 100 times less power than a CCD and cost less to produce.
      - Charge-coupled device (CCD)
        
        Small, compact, rugged, and consumes a low amount of power.
        
        Used for a longer period of time than CMOS
        
        Fitted in most cameras
    - - Develops electrical charge which corresponds to the light and shade of imaging depending on how strong the charge is.
    - - Single- sensor cameras use multicolour filter placed over the chip to allow a relatively good final product for many purposes.
    - - Disadvantages :-1::skin-tone-3: - Quarter-inch chips inexpensive but are in focus from close-up to infinity which means limited creative ability as everything is in focus.
      - Advantages :+1::skin-tone-3: - Larger the chips, more ability to selectively focus on subjects, have a shallow depth of field while using wide focus in other situations.
- - - - Most cameras include manual positions some even include automatic gain.
        
        6-dB gain will give double gain giving acceptable quality images in love light levels while 12-dB will give quadruple gain allowing for a recognizable image but quality may be poor.
        
        Keep gain to a minimum as it increases picture noise (grain) and reduce sharpness.