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Instrumental music 1700-1820 (Brandenburg concerto No.5 in D major 3rd…
Instrumental music 1700-1820
Brandenburg concerto No.5 in D major 3rd Movement
The Baroque style
Baroque has a recognisable sound
String and keyboard instruments played key roles
Baroque music often had a basso continuo
Baroque structures
Theme and variation form varies the melody
Ground bass form varies ideas over a fixed bass part
The concerto grosso was a popular form of orchestral music
Binary and ternary forms are made up of different sections
Some works have an introduction called a prelude
Baroque melody patterns
Melodic inversion - turning the tune upside down
Retrograde - playing the tune backwards
Sequencing - repeat a pattern, vary the pitch
Imitation - repeat a phrase with slight changes
Ostinato - keep one pattern the same, change the rest (e.g. ground bass)
Ornaments in Baroque music
A trill is lots of tiny quick notes
An appoggiatura is an extra note in a chord
Squeezing in a tiny note is called acciaccatura
Mordents and turns are set patterns of notes
Set work
J.S. Bach came from a family of musicians and was born in Germany
The piece is a concerto grosso
The 3rd movement is both a fugue and a gigue
The 3rd movement is in ternary form (A-B-A)
Bach used various musical devices
Sequencing
Pedal point
Stretto
Trills
From Baroque to Classical
Tastes moved towards a simpler sound
Forms and structures developed too
The invention of the piano had a big impact
Piano sonata No.8 in C minor 1st movement
The classical orchestra
Orchestral music was written for wealthy audiences
Orchestras grew during the classical period
Classical orchestras mostly use string instruments
The classical style
Classical melodies have a clear, simple structure
Classical textures are mainly melody and chords (homophonic)
Classical music uses major and minor keys
The beat is obvious and easy to follow
Classical structures
Concertos are played by a soloist and orchestra
A symphony is played by a full orchestra
Overtures and suites were also written for orchestras
Sonatas are for 1 or 2 instruments
Symphonies, sonatas and concertos have a standard structure
Sonata form has 3 main sections
Exposition
Development
Recapitulation
Minuets and scherzos are in ternary form
Rondo form can have any number of sections
Musical signposts tell you what's coming next
The romantic period
The romantic period came after the classical period
Romantic music is more dramatic than classical
The piano developed in the romantic period
Set work
Beethoven was an influential German composer
Beethoven wrote many sonatas
The set piece is in sonata form
Sonata pathetique shows how music was developing
The exposition has 3 themes
The themes are used throughout the movement