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Urinary (Electrolytes (Potassium: (Function: Establish intracellular…
Urinary
Electrolytes
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Phosphate:
Function: Most abundant anion in intracellular fluid, component of RNA & DNA, & is an intracellular buffer
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Calcium:
Function: Required for the initiation of muscle contraction & releasing neurotransmitters. 2nd messenger in blood clotting
- Hypercalcemia: high concentration of calcium, can cause underexcitability of the muscles & nerves
- Hypocalcemia: low concentration of calcium, can cause over excitability of muscles and nerves
Sodium:
Function:
- Most important for determining blood osmolarity
- Important for establishing action potential in neurons & muscles
- Hypernatremia: high concentration of sodium, can cause hypertension
- Hyponatremia: low concentration of sodium
Nephron physiology
Filtration
- Afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus
- Water and some solutes enter into the capsular space from the blood in the glomerulus & forms filtrate
Filtrate includes:
- Water
- Ions
- Nitrogenous base
- Amino acids
- Small proteins
- Some hormones
- Vitamin B&C
- Ketones
Membrane that allows filtration to occur:
- Fenestrated endothelium - allows plasma & small molecules, blocks formed elements
- Porous basement membrane - stops the passage of large proteins
- Visceral layer: has podocytes, which are small cells that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus
- Podocytes have filtration slits that stop passage of most proteins
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Reabsorption
- Filtrate then moves from the capsular space to the proximal convoluted tubule
- This occurs as materials in the filtrate that are needed in the body are reabsorbed into the blood
- Reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption:
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Sodium: 98-100% reabsorbed, occurs along the nephron loop but mostly in the PCT
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Secretion
- Movement of materials out of the blood from the filtrate in the form of urine
- Peritubular capillaries are associated with the convoluted tubules
- The vasa recta is associated with the nephron loop
- Secretion is from the tubules
- Urine includes: water, excess ions, & waste
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- Acidosis:Blood pH less than 7.35
- Alkalosis:Blood pH greater than 7.45