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Lymphatic & Endocrine System image image (Endocrine System (Diseases…
Lymphatic & Endocrine System
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic ducts
Right thoracic duct
Short tube that receives all of the purified lymph from the right side of the head neck, and chest, and the right arm
It will empty into the right subclavian vein returning the clean lymph to the blood
Thoracic duct
Much larger, drains the rest of the body.
It empties into the left subclavian vein
At the start of the thoracic duct, there is a pouch like structure called the cisterna chyli
The cisterna chyli is a storage area for lymph and chyle
Lymph tissue
Lymph vessel
Located throughout the body
Small, open ended lymph vessels that act like a drainpipe are called lymphatic capillaries
Picks up lymph at the tissues then the lymph will travel through the capillaries to the larger lymphatic vessels
In the small intestine there are special lymphatic capillaries called lacteals
Lacteals pick up the digested fats (lipids)
When the lymph is mixed with the fat or lipid it is called chyle
Contraction of skeletal muscle is what allows the lymph to move
Lymph nodes
Located all over the body, usually in groups and clusters
Small, round, or oval masses ranging from the size of a pinhead to an almond.
Lymph vessels bring lymph to the node, then the node filters the lymph and removes carbon, cancer cells, pathogens, and dead blood cells
The clean/purified lymph then leaves the lymph node by a single lymphatic vessel and moves on to join larger vessles and will eventually drain into one of the lymphatic ducts: right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct
Produce lymphocytes and antibodies
Spleen
Organ located beneath the left side of the diaphragm and in the back of the upper part of the stomach
It produces/makes leukocytes and antibodies, destroys old erythrocytes, destroys thrombocytes, and filters metabolites and wastes from body tissues
Thymus
Mass of lymph tissue located in the center of the upper chest
Atrophies after puberty and is replaced by fat and connective tissue
Early in life, it produces antibodies, and manufactures lymphocytes but it is soon done by the lymph nodes
Produces thymosin (stimulates production of antibodies and lymphocyes)
Tonsils
Masses of lympatic tissue that filter interstitial fluid
Palatine tonsils
Located on each side of soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Located in the nasopharynx
Lingual tonsils
Located on the back of the tongue
Works with the circulatory system
Removes waste and excess fluids from the body tissue, and works on immunity, and lipid (fat) transportation
Lymph is a thin, watery fluid made up of/composed of inter-cellular or interstitial fluid
Made up of water, digested nutrients, salts, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lymphocytes and metabolic wastes like urea
When this fluid enters the lymphatic system it becomes known as lymph
Diseases and disorders
Adenitis
Inflammation or infection of the lymph nodes
Occurs because of large quantities of harmful substances like a pathogen or cancer cells entering the lymph nodes
S/Sx fever and swollen, painful nodes
If not treated an abscess could form in the node (if it does, incise and drain the node is indicated).
Treatment includes antibiotics, warm, moist compresses
Hodgkin's disease
A chronic, malignant disease of the lymph nodes which is the most common form of lymphoma.
S/Sx- painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and pruritus (itching)
Treatments include chemotherapy, and radiation
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Results from infection in extremity
S/Sx- red streak extending up the arm or leg from source of infection, fever, chills, and tenderness/pain
Treatment includes antibiotics, rest, elevation of affected part, and or warm, moist compresses
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen.
It can result from abnormal accumulation of RBC, mono, and cirrhosis of the liver
S/Sx- swelling and abdominal pain, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
Spleen can rupture can lead to intraperitoneal hemorrhage, shock and death.
Treat underlying cause or splenectomy may be needed
Tonsillitis
Inflammation or infection of the tonsils
S/Sx throat pain, dysphagia, fever, yellow or white spots on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes
Antibiotics and warm throat irrigations are the main treatment
Surgery for obstruction
Endocrine System
Group of ductless (without tubes) glands
Secrete substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream
Transported throughout the body by bloodstream and perform many functions:
Stimulate exocrine glands to produce secretions
Stimulate other endocrine glands
Regulate growth and development
Regulate metabolism
Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Control various sex processes
Pituitary gland
Master gland of the body
Located at the base of the brain
It is divided under two sections: anterior and posterior lobes
Anterior Lobe -ACTC, TSH, GH, FSH,MSH, LH
Posterior Lobe- ADH, Oxytocin
Diseases and disorders
Acromegaly
Over secretion of GH (somatotropin) in an adult
Bones of hands and feet enlarge, skin and tongue thicken, and slurred speech develops
Caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary system
Gigantism
Acromegaly that occurs before puberty hits
Surgical removal of thyroid gland can help
Excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development and at times mental retardation
Dwarfism
Caused by under secretion of GH that can be caused from a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or injury
Characterized by small body size, short extremities, and lack of sexual development but mental development is normal
If caught early injections of GH for 5 or more years
Diabetes insipidus
Decreased amount of vasopressin (ADH)
Low levels of ADH prevents water from being absorbed in the kidneys.
S/Sx- polyuria, polydipsa, dehydration, weakness, constipation, and dry skin
Treatment is injections of ADH
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hyperactive thyroid, an iodine deficiency, an over secretion of TSH on part of the pituitary gland
Treatment is to eliminate the cause, surgery may be required
S/Sx- choking sensation, dysphagia, cough
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid which causes increased production of thyroid hormones and increases your metabolic rate
S/Sx- extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, diarrhea, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, polydipsia, goiter formation -hypertension, extreme appetite with weight loss
Treatments include radiation to destroy the thyroid or thyroidectomy
Grave's disease
Severe form of hyperthyroidism
More common in women then men
S/Sx- trained intense expression, exophthalmia, goiter, emotional instability, tachycardia, tremendous appetite with weight loss
The treatment is to use radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Under active thyroid gland that comes in two forms
Cretinism develops in infancy or early childhood and results in lack of mental and physical growth which leads to mental retardation
If found early can give oral thyroid hormone
Myxedema occurs later childhood into adulthood
Treatment is administering oral thyroid hormone and adding iodized salt
S/sx- coarse, dry skin; slow mental function; fatigue; weakness; intolerance to cold; weight gain; edema; puffy eyes; and a slow pulse.
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of parathormone
Results in hypercalcemia which leads to kidney stones, lethargy, and GI disorders
Condition usually a result of a tumor so treatment would be to remove the tumor followed by administration of parathormone, diuretics and a low calcium diet
Hypoparathyroidism
Under-active parathyroid causes low levels of calcium in the blood
Caused by surgical removal of gland
S/Sx- tetany (sustained muscular contraction), hyper-irritability of nervous system, seizures, twitching, death can occur if it involves muscles of the larynx and respiratory
Treat with calcium and vitamin D and parathormone
Adrenal glands
Located above the kidneys often called supra-renal glands
Each gland has two parts
Cortex
Outer portion
Medulla
Inner portion
Secretes steroid hormones which are classified into three groups
Mineralcorticoid, glucocorticoid, and gonadocorticoids
Epinephrine and norepinephrine which causes the flight or fight response
Addison's disease
Decreased secretion of aldosterone
S/Sx- dehydration, diarrhea, fatigue, hypotension, mental lethargy, weight loss, muscle weakness, bronzing of the skin color, and hypoglycemia
Treatment is to administer corticosteroids and control intake of sodium and fluid replacement
It interferes with the absorption of sodium and water and increase the levels of potassium in the blood
Cushing's syndrome
Over secretion of glucocorticoids caused by a tumor or excess production of ACTH.
S/Sx- hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue, hirsutism (excessive growth or abnormal distribition of hair) poor wound healing, bruise easily, moon face, obesity
Remove the tumor and begin a hormone replacement therapy
Can get cushings from long term steroid treament
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic condition caused by the decrease secretion of insulin
IDDM (Type I)
Usually occurs early in life and is more severe, it requires insulin
NIDDM (Type II)
S/Sx- hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, weight loss, slow wound healing time vision changes
If left untreated diabetic coma, death
Treatments are diet, regular exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin
Mature onset in obese adults but can be controlled through diet and exercise
Thyroid gland
Synthesizes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism and control the level of calcium and the blood
T3, T4 , and calcitonin
Located in neck
Requires iodine from food intake
Parathyroid glands
Attached to thyroid glands
Produces parathormone
Regulate amount of calcium in the blood
Stimulates bone cells to break down bone tissue and release calcium and phosphates into the blood, causing kidneys to conserve and reabsorb calcium
Calcium important for blood clotting, the tone of heart muscle, and muscle contraction
Pancreas
A fish shaped organ located behind the stomach
Both an exocrine and endocrine gland
Exocrine gland it secretes pancreatic juices
Endocrine has the Islet of Langerhans which produces insulin which helps absorb sugar from the blood
Ovaries
Female sex glands, located in the pelvis, secrete hormones that regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
Testes
Male sex glands, located in the scrotal sac, produce hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics
Pineal body
Located in the brain
Exact function unknown
Secretes three hormones:
Melatonin (regulates the sleep and wake cycles)
Serotonin
Adrenogomerulotropin
Placenta
Temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy
Functions
Acts as a link between mom and child, provides nutrition for developing infant, and promotes lactation
Three hormones: estrogen, progesterone, and chorionic gonadotropin
Expelled after the birth of the child
