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Paper 2, Question 2 theories
GENDER (ROBIN LAKOFF (women's vocab…
Paper 2, Question 2 theories
GENDER
ROBIN LAKOFF
women's vocab includes trivial words because they are relegated to decisions about unimportant subjects
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women avoid using strong statements or committing to an opinion and use qualifiers (e.g. perhaps) which shows uncertainty
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MIRA KOMAROVSKY
58 working class USA couples found that women spoke about family, personal matters while men spoke about money, business, sport, work, local politics
JENIFER COATES
men prefer topics that allow participants to take turns at being expert, women are more personal
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women make well placed minimal responses but the men made them too late, this indicated a lack of support which led to women falling silent
DEBORAH TANNEN
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men used more, women use cloaked imperatives
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DEBORAH CAMERON
expletives depend on the social setting, in some tribes in Papua New Guinea, women are expected to use expletives to explain their emotions to their partners
our roles as men and women vary from one situation to another, therefore our use of tag questions will vary depending on the role we are playing
PAMELA FISHMAN
women use tag questions three times more than men but not because of uncertainty but because they were trying to keep the conversation going
women use the phrase 'you know' five times more than men, not due to uncertainty but due to working at conversation
JANET HOLMES
modal tags - seek information
affective tags - softening/ concern
facilitate tags - drawing listener in
men - 61% modal tags
woman - 75% facilitative tags
CAMERON AND COATES
tag questions - monitor whether others are in agreement, respect the face needs of others when discussing sensitive issues
hedges help statements to become negotiable an retractable depending on the rest of the groups comments
competition the adversial style of conversation where speakers vie for turns and where participants are more likely to contradict each other. Men use this for status whereas women do not wish to seem unpopular so avoid this
minimal responses - refers to a particular type of conversation where people work together to share meanings
DALE SPENDER
qualifiers show uncertainty when used by women but authority when used by men e.g. 'perhaps you misunderstood. maybe you should do it again'
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CHESHIRE
reading study found that eve at an early age, females use more standard forms
ZIMMERMAN AND WEST
98% of interruptions were men and they interrupted women more than the same sex in conversation, women also interrupt women more than men and men overlap with women more
in terms of silences they found in single sex conversation this was 1.35 secs and 3.21 in mixed sex conversations
SYLVIA SHAW
female MPs do not interrupt but follow protocol. Some because they find male MPs behaviour puerile, some because they feel they must act correctly to be accepted in a traditionally male world
BAXTER
In the study of children, dominant competitive speakers were both male and female - popular children do not avoid competition and can control situations as they have the support of those around them