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London (Opportunities (Environmental (Cycle superhighways (Reduce traffic…

- - - - New forms of entertainment
      - Graffiti/ Street art
    - - Encourage more people to cycle
      - 1% to 15% of road users over the past 50 years
  - - - Old Spitalfields market
      - Hi-tech industries
        
        Old street roundabout - 'Silicon roundabout'
    - - London Docklands Development Corporation
      - Attract private investment
      - new economic opportunities and replace jobs lost when the docklands closed down
      - Built around Canary wharf
      - Many high rise offices - home to many international banks
      - 100,000 work there
      - Leading financial centre
  - - - Percentage might have been higher but people have paved over their gardens to create patios or make car park spaces
    - - Reduce traffic #
      - Reduce harmful emissions from vehicles
- - - - Rising house prices
      - older residents and original Bangladeshi families are moving away #
      - young professional workers moving in
      - gentrification
    - - Hard to drive a car - limited space to park - traffic congestion causing long journeys
      - 75 million use public transport each week
        
        25 million underground
        
        50 million buses
      - demand for public transport expected to grow by 60% by 2050
    - - Newham over 20% receiving benefits
      - Kensington and Chelsea 5-10%
    - - population increasing by about 100,000 people every year
      - 20,000 being built
      - Severe house shortage in London and the rest of South East England
      - House prices are rising faster in London that the rest of the country - especially inner London
      - Solution
        
        Brownfield sites
        
        For
        
        Sites available since industry declined
        
        Reduces urban sprawl
        
        Public transport better - less cars needed
        
        New development can improve the urban environment
        
        Against
        
        Old buildings may need to be demolished first
        
        Ground may need to be decontaminated
        
        Land more expensive in urban areas
        
        Greenfield sites
        
        For
        
        Land cheaper
        
        No demolition or decontamination
        
        Against
        
        Public transport isn't very good - more cars needed
        
        Increases urban sprawl
        
        Once built on, unlikely to be turned back into countryside
        
        Valuable farmland or land for recreation may be lost
        
        Natural habitats may be destroyed
      - Greenbelt established in 1947
  - - - East-west
        
        Due to open 2018
        
        Shenfield and Abbey Wood in east - Reading and Heathrow in the West
        
        Tunnels under the city
        
        Reduces journey times - Liverpool Street to Heathrow from an hour to 35 minutes
        
        Increases the total number of passenger journeys in London - increase of 10% - 200 million journeys a year
        
        1.5 million more people within 45-minute journey of central London
        
        Improve access for disabled people to new stations - no steps from platform to street level
      - North-South
        
        Crossrail 2
        
        Planned for 2030
  - - - Feeding birds in garden - especially in Winter
      - Not paving over gardens
    - - Linking up green spaces to help species migrate naturally
      - London has a 'green grid' to link up open spaces
    - - Main causes are road vehicles and modern heating systems
      - Not as bad as it used to be when coal was burnt to power factories
      - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the worst - from diesel engines
      - London regularly breaks EU regulations
        
        Most of central London is above the EU limit of 40 mg/m3 for NO2
      - 4,000 premature deaths a year
    - - Used to be buried
      - Now more of the waste is recycled or incinerated (burnt to generate electricity)
      - Target for 0 waste to go to landfill by 2030