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Circulation, Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Excretion (Blood Pressure…
Circulation, Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Excretion
Lymph Circulation
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The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, ducts, nodes, and other tissues
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By increasing movement, lymph is able to circulate better
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Blood Pressure
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Contraction of the ventricle creates blood pressure, exerting a force in all directions propelling blood away from the heart
Once blood enters the arterioles, the flow is substantially slower
By the time the blood enters the veins, much of the pressure from the initial contraction is dissipated
After each ventricular systole, blood pressure is highest - this is called systolic pressure
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Blood pressure is affected by gravity, diet, and heart health
Differences Between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
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Veins
Capillaries converge into venules, which converge into veins
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Capillaries
These are microscopic vessels with thin, porous walls
Networks of these are called capillary beds, and infiltrate tissues all over the body
Allow exchange of fluids (blood, interstitial)
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Blood
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Cells occupy about 45% of blood, with the rest being plasma
Blood has 3 major components on the cellular level: Platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes
Plasma contains ions, plasma proteins, and electrolytes which help maintain osmotic balance
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What is Osmosis?
How Does It Work?
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When the concentration of water is = on both sides the movement of water will be = in both directions
^ Transfer of molecules down a concentration gradient from the water to the side with a solution occurs
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Which Organisms Produce Ammonia, Urea, or Uric Acid Wastes?
Urea
Produced by humans and mammals in the liver, less toxic than ammonia,
Uric Acid
Produced by insects, birds, reptiles
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