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Units 1 & 2 Mind Map (Vocab (Measures of Central Tendency (Other…
Units 1 & 2 Mind Map
Schools of Thought/Perspectives
Empiricism - knowledge originates in experience and therefore science needs to rely on experience, too.
Structuralism - a Titchner-founded perspective engaging people in introspection.
Functionalism - a James-founded school of thought that said every part of us serves a function.
Behaviorism - a Watson and Skinner-endorsed school of thought that said psych should look at behavior more than mental processes.
Humanistic - a Rogers and Maslow-endorsed perspective that looked at growth potential of healthy individuals.
Biopsychosocial approach - biological influences (childhood, genes), psychological influences (learned things, responses, processing), and socio-cultural influences (others, peer group, role models in media).
Biological (neuroscience) - how experience influences individual temperament
Evolutionary - how anger helped our ancestors survive
Psychodynamic - how unconscious drives influence behavior
Cognitive - how interpretation affects anger & anger affects our thinking
Social-Cultural - how expressions of anger vary across cultures
U2
Empirical Approach - a study conducted with observations. able to be proven
Naturalistic Observation - observing behavior in natural settings
Vocab
Psychology - a science that seeks to answer how and why we think, feel, and act as we do.
Nature-Nurture Issue - do our traits develop with experience or are they innate?
Natural Selection - the weakest traits die off.
Types of Research
Basic Research - pure science that aims to increase the knowledge base
Biological psychologists - link biological and psychological
Developmental psychologists - studies our abilities from birth to death
Educational psychologists - link teaching and learning influences
Cognitive psychologists - look at how we view the world, think, and problem solve
Personality psychologists - study traits in people that persist
Social psychologists - study how we perceive and affect each other
Applied research - tackles practical problems
Industrial-Organizational psychologists - use psych in the workplace
Human Factors psychologists - study the interaction of people
Counseling psychologists - help people cope with things
Clinical psychologists - assess and treat disorders
Psychiatrists - treat physical causes of disorders
Inferential Statistics - used to make generalizations from a sample to a population.
Hindsight Bias - after something is over, saying you knew it would happen
Critical thinking - thinking that examines everything and does not blindly accept
Theory - organizes observations and predicts events
Hypothesis - a testable prediction
Operational definition - a statement used to define research variables
Replication - repeating a study for the sake of making sure it is a good test
Descriptive Statistics - used to summarize and describe (mean, median, mode, st. dev., etc)
Case Study - when one person is studied in depth
Survey - a technique for reporting behaviors/attitudes
Naturalistic Observation - observing behavior in natural settings
Correlation - a measure to which two factors vary together
Experimental Method - the scientific method
Random Sampling - a fairly chosen representative of the group because each person has a chance for inclusion
Population - all cases in a set group
Correlation Coefficient - statistics of a relationship between two things
Scatterplot - a graphed cluster of dots
Illusory Correlation - the perception of a correlation where there isn't one
Experiments
Independent Variable - the "focus" factor
Confounding Variable - other factors
Dependent Variable - varies on whatever takes place
Random Assignment - assigning random participants to a group
Double-Blind Procedure - when both the participants and the staff don't know which is control and which is the test group
Placebo - fake thing used as medicine in the control group
Placebo Effect - results by expectation
Experimental Group - the "treatment" group
Control Group - not exposed to the treatment
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean - average: sum/# of scores
Median - midpoint
Mode - most frequent score
Other Statistics Names
Skewed Distributions
Positive - skewed to the left
Negative - skewed to the right
Range - the gap between highest and lowest
Standard Deviation - how much the scores vary around the mean score
Normal Curve - when large sums of data form a bell shape
Statistical Significance - how likely it is that a result occurred by chance
Culture - arts and manifestations of a group of people
Ethics
Informed Consent - telling people in full what they will be subjected to and having them consent
Debrief - information about the study
People
U1
Wilhelm Wundt - founded the first psych lab in 1879
William James - founded functionalism
Edward Titchener - founded structuralism
John Watson - a behaviorist
B.F. Skinner - a behaviorist
Mary Calkins - the first female president of the American Psychological Association
Charles Darwin - proposed natural selection
Margaret Floy Washburn - first woman to receive a PhD in psychology
Carl Rogers - a humanist who emphasized potential individual growth
Abraham Maslow - a humanist who concentrated on potential individual growth
Sigmund Freud - psychoanalytic theory
Ivan Pavlov - studied learning
Albert Bandura - fear & bobo dolls
Dorothea Dix - mentally ill activist and civil war nurse
Stanley Hall - childhood development and evolutionary theory
Max Wertheimer - gestalt psychology
U2