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CHEMISTRY - UNIT 10 CARBON COMPOUNDS (Hydrocarbons hyd (The simplest of…
CHEMISTRY - UNIT 10 
CARBON COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons
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The shorter the chain the more runny it is (less viscous) & the more volatile it is, has lower boiling point at which it vaporises or condenses & more flammable
Crude Oil
Non-renewable fuel like coal, oil & gas as take so long to make - finite resource
= Fossil fuel from remains of plants & animals, mainly plankton
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Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Crude oil is mixture of different hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes
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Process
2) Temperature gradient in the column - hot at bottom, cooler as go up
3) The longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points & condense back into liquids & drain out early on, when they're near the bottom
1) The oil is heated until most turned into gas - gases enter a fractionating column (& liquid drained off)
4) Shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points & condense & drain out much later on near to the top of the column where it's cooler
5) End up with the crude oil mixture separated out into different fractions with similar boiling points
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Cracking
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The longer alkane molecules produced from fractional distillation are turned into smaller ones by process called cracking
Cracking produces alkanes & another type of hydrocarbon called alkenes - useful as starting material for other compounds & can be used to make polymers
Dependence On Hydrocarbons
Crude oil provides fuel for most modern transport - diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil & Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Petrochemical industry uses hydrocarbons from crude oil as feedstock to make new compounds for use in things like polymers, solvents, lubricants & detergents
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Large variety of products because carbon atoms can bond together to form different groups called homologous series - similar compounds with many properties in common.
Alkanes
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First 4 alkanes are methane, ethane, propane & butane