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Piano Sonata Op.13 No.8 in C minor 'Pathetique' (movement 1)…
Piano Sonata Op.13 No.8 in C minor 'Pathetique' (movement 1)
dynamics
repeated use of forte piano (unusual on piano). loud and then immediately soft
SFZ = suddenly forte (dramatic sound)
contrasting dynamics-fortepiano is touch-sensitive (unlike harpsichord)
rhythm/tempo/time sig.
starts with slow 'grave' tempo, which changes at 1st subject to 'allegro' (fast)
lots of dotted rhythms (mainly staccato)
whole piece in 4/4
dramatic and borderline aggressive mood created (dotted rhythms and fast tempo)
genre
written by Beethoven (classical composer). Sonatas were typical of classical music
written for Pianoforte (invented in late classical period). Is the modern piano (touch sensitive etc.)
structure
sonata form (but modified because of slow intro)
exposition
1st subject, bridge, second subject, codetta
introduces 2 main melodic ideas
development - develops 2 ideas (lots of transient modulations)
recapitulation
variation of the exposition (same structure but variations to melody and different tonality)
e.g. 1st subject variation, bridge variation, etc.
melody
lots of rising/falling sequences and scale patterns (e.g. chromatic scale in bar 10)
grace notes/ornaments
mordonts
acciaccaturas (don't take value away from notes it's attached to)
2 main melodic ideas (1st and 2nd subject)
instrumentation
pianoforte (modern piano) which was a new instrument at the time and allowed the pianist to play loud/soft dynamics (touch sensitive). Beethoven uses many stark and dramatic dynamic contrasts, fully using the instrument's capabilities.
texture
predominantly homophonic-right hand is melody and left hand is accompaniment
some short burst of monophony (e.g. bar 187+)
lots of use of pedal
harmony/tonality
Tonality
C minor for slow intro. and exposition/first subject start
Eb minor by start of second subject
Development in G minor
also lots of transitory modulations
recapitulation
1st subject and bridge in tonic (C minor)
2nd subject in F minor, then returns to tonic key
coda in C minor
lots of transient modulations with fleeting, relatively short cadences
harmony
diminished 7th used extensively (makes piece sombre and dark)
lots of cadences (perf and imperf)
feminine cadence (on unaccented beat of bar, giving it a softer feel)