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Circulation and gas exchange ch.42, osmoregulation and excretion ch.44…

- - - - open circulatory system, a fluid called hemolymph bathes the cells, heart contractions pump hemolymph into to the circulatory vessels to interconnected sinuses, spaces surrounding the organs
        
        closed circulatory system, has a fluid called blood that are confined to vessels.
        
        one or more hearts pump the blood into the large vessels that branch off into the smaller one to infiltrate organs
        
        closed circularity systems include all of the vertebrates (annelids, squids, and octopus)
        
        relaxing of the heart bring back the hemolymph to the pores which are equipped with vales closing when the heart contracts. the hemolymph get circulated when the sinuses get squeezed by the bodies movements. (large crustaceans, lobsters and crabs)
    - - single circulation the blood that leaves the heart has to pass through the two capillary beds before it returns to the heart
    - - the right side of the heart delivers the oxygen poor blood to the capillaries of the gas exchange tissues, where net movement of oxygen in the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood, which is the pulmonary circuit if capillary beds are involved in the lungs, but if it is pulmocutaneous circuit the capillaries are included in the lungs and skin
      - this circulation provides blood to the brain, the muscles, and other organs b/c the heart repressurizes blood that is destined tot eh tissues after passing through capillary beds of the lungs and or the skin.
- - - - osmoconformers don't have to loss or gain water b/c they live in stable water that's why they are able to keep their internal osmolarity
      - osmoregulation allows animals to live in environments that are inhabitable to osmoconformers (terrestrial, freshwater)
    - - isosmotic, two solutions with the same osmolarity
      - permeable membrane separates the solution, where the eater molecules will continue to cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions, and no net movement of water by osmosis between isoosmotic solutions
      - if the solutions differ in osmolarity, the higher solution the solutes are hyperosmotic, the more dilute the solution it will be hypoosmotic , water flows from a hypossmotic solution to a hyperosmotic one
  - - - drinking no water but excreting large amounts of dilute urine helps them maintain water balance, and the salts that were lost and in the urine are replenished by eating.
      - sometimes to solve the problem of water balance they don't drink water in order to excrete dilute urine, the salts that were lost during diffusion get refilled when the animals eat
  - - - reabsorption, recovers useful molecules and water that filtrate that returns them to the body
        
        secretion, the nonessential solutes and waste are left in the filtrate or are added to it.
        
        metanephridia, earthworms excretory organs collect fluid directly from the coelom, their waste is excreted into the environment
        
        when the urine moves along the tubules, the transport epithelium that border the lumen reabsorbing the solutes and returns them to the blood in the capillaries
        
        malpighian tubules insects and terrestrial arthropods, remove nitrogenous waste and function in osmoregulation
        
        the tubules extend from dead end tips immersed in hemolymph to openings of the digestive tract
        
        protonephridia, flatwoms form a network of dead end tubules.
        
        the tubules are connected to the external openings that branch though out the flatworm body, that has no coelom. During the filtration the beating cilia draws the water out of the solutes from the interstitial fluid through the flame bulb that releases filtrate into the tubule networks
        
        the filtrate lets them excrete their urine in their environment
  - - - 85% out of one million nephron reside in the cortical nephrons. reach shortly into the medulla.
        
        juxtamedullary nephrons extend deep into the medulla, they are the production of urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids
        
        glomerulus long tubule or a ball of capillaries
        
        the proximal the reabsorption to take back what needs to be kept after being dumped into the tube, keeping it, goes back into the blood
        
        loop of henle secretion, proteins and molcuelss in the blood that didn't get filtered and try to get rid of that stuff and secrete that stuff into the tube from the blood
        
        cup shaped the bowman's filtration everything in blood gets dumped into the capsule to go down the tube, everything goes in the capsule but blood cell and protein
        
        distal tubule, elimination or excretion to get it out of the body
- - - - inhalation their are sensor that detect the stretching of the lungs tissue sending nerve impulses that control the circuits of the medulla that prevent further inhalation