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Community Ecology (Concepts (Community (group of species that occur…
Community Ecology
Predator-Prey Interactions
One Predator, One Prey
Functional Response
predator feeding rate and handling time
Prey-Dependent
predator's functional response depends on prey density
Zero Growth Isocline
population stability
Paradox of Enrichment
important factor ub the kiss if species diversity
improving conditions for the prey may lead the predator to overexploit the prey
Both might be lost
Maximum Sustained Yield
harvest just enough species to keep the population density at the right pont
the result would be that the species would be "stable"
Fixed Effort Harvesting
population health is determined by # fish or deer that can be harvested
Fixed Quota Harvesting
fisherman or hunters are allowed to harvest a # of species per fleet
no mater how long or how hard it takes
Predator Selection Among Multiple Prey
Optimal Foraging Theory
examine interactions of herbivores and plants
why they eat some and not others
Optimal Diet Model
1.) prey yields the most energy
2.) high-yield prey become sufficiently scares, predator will find others
3.) easily obtained prey vs. "not worth it"
4.) more nutrients= more preyed upon vs. less= avoided
Completion Between Species
Exploitation Competition
organisms consume a shared resource
makes it less available to others
Interference Completion
one organism restricts another organism's access to resources even though the first might not being using it
Resource
any substance that increases growth rates
Invasion
if a species can increase from very low population density even with its competor present
Apparent Competeion
not actually competing for or using a resource
Concepts
Community
group of species that occur together ta the same time and place
Succession
predictable sequence of changes
Climax Community
disturbed patch of land undergoes succession until it becomes spruce-fir forrest
Community Restoration
example: reintroducing wolves in Yellow Stone
Habitat Loss
Habitat Fragmentation
Diversity
Checklist
count of species present
Diversity Scale
Scale
larger areas are more diverse than smaller areas
Species-Area-Relationship
S=
cA^z
Table 26-1
Species Abundance Distribution
Figure 26-11
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
Mutualistic Relationship
two organisms interaction both benefit eachother
Facilitation
one organism benefits while other without receiving benefit
Nurse Plants
alter a small area of habitat immediately below themselves to save the good soil for seedlings
Primary Succession
organisms become established on newly created substances
*Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
Metapopulation
if several local pop. are interconnected by migration and gene flow
Sink Habitat
low quality
Source Habitat
high-quality patch
Fugitive Species
survives by colonizing new patches
flourishes temp. and finds new patches before old ones dies
Assisted Dispersal
animals are captured in one area and released into a new one
Interconnectedness of Species: Food Chains and Food Webs
Food Chain
direct line of consuption
Food Web
interrelationships
Energy Flow Web
Keystone Species
dramatically affect communities
