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ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (CH.42 (Blood (whats in it? (red blood cells, which…

- - - - any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.
    - - any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
    - - any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.
  - - - red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. white blood cells, which fight infections. platelets, which are cells that help you stop bleeding if you get a cut. plasma, a yellowish liquid that carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body.
    - - Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
    - - transport, protection and regulation. Blood transports the following substances: Gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the lungs and rest of the body.
    - - The mitral valve and tricuspid valve, which control blood flow from the atria to the ventricles
        The aortic valve and pulmonary valve, which control blood flow out of the ventricles
  - - - double circulatory system
    - - closed circulatory system
    - - double circulatory system
  - - - Most fish exchange gases using gills on both sides of the pharynx (throat). Gills are tissues that are like short threads, protein structures called filaments. These filaments have many functions including the transfer of ions and water, as well as the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids and ammonia.
    - - It is one part of the process of respiration which provides our bodies with a continuous supply of oxygen. It goes to the blood vessels deep in our lungs and then on to all parts of our body. As our body uses oxygen, it makes a waste product called carbon dioxide. We get rid of carbon dioxide when we breathe out.
    - - The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis or subcutaneous fatty tissue. The skin has three main functions: protection, regulation and sensation.
  - - - In the circulatory system of a fish, the blood travels from the heart to the gills, where it absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
    - - The majority of mammals utilize a double circulatory system. This means we have two loops in our body in which blood circulates. One is oxygenated, meaning oxygen rich, and the other is deoxygenated, which means it has little to no oxygen, but a lot of carbon dioxide.
    - - blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.
    - - Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.
  - - - Because a negative pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure is created in the lungs, this type of breathing is called negative-pressure breathing. Again, breathing out is usually passive. The diaphragm and rib (intercostal) muscles relax and everything that happened to allow the mammal to breathe in reverses.
    - - The diaphragm is the major muscle responsible for breathing. It is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. During
- - - - osmoregulatory- controls water gain/loss with kidneys
      - osmoconformer- conform to the environment
  - - - long, U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron
    - - regulates the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions in the interstitium for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate; it is also responsible for secreting organic acids, such as creatinine and other bases, into the filtrate.
    - - The glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle, the basic filtration unit of the kidney.
    - - Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by secreting K+ and absorbing Na+.
    - - thin membranous sheath that covers the outer surface of each kidney
  - - - the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane. movement from hypotonic side to hypertonic side.
    - - water moves toward the higher solute concentration