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Endocrine System- McKinney (Diabetes insipidus (low levels of ADH prevents…
Endocrine System- McKinney
group of tubeless glands
secrete substances called hormones
hormones secreted directly into bloodstream
chemical substances produced and secreted by endocrine glands
functions include: regulate growth and development, regulate metabolism, stimulate other endocrine glands
consists of glands like adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid
pituitary gland
master gland of body
located at base of brain
divided under two sections
anterior- ACTH, TSH,GH, LH
posterior- ADH and Oxytocin
acromegaly
over secretion of GH in an adult caused by a benign tumor on pituitary gland
bones of hands and feet enlarge skin and tongue thickens, slurred speech is developed
Gigantism- acromegaly but it occur before puberty. excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development, and at times mental retardation
tx- surgical removal of tumor
dwarfism- results from under secretion of GH that can be caused from a tumor, infection, genetic factors or injury
characterized by small body size, short extremities, and lack of sexual development, mental development is normal
if caught early injections of GH for 5 or more years
Diabetes insipidus
low levels of ADH prevents water from being absorbed in kidneys
decreased amt. of ADH
tx- injections of ADH
sym- polyuria, weakness, dry skin
thyroid gland
synthesizes hormones that regulates bodys metabolism and control the level of calcium and the blood
located in neck
requires iodine from food intake
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hyperactive thyroid, an iodine deficiency, an over production of TSH on part of the pituitary gland
sym- choking sensation, cough, dysphagia
tx- eliminate the cause, surgery may be required
hyperthyroidism
overactive thyroid which causes increased production of thyroid hormones and increases your metabolic rate
sym- nervousness, tremors, rapid pulse
tx- radiation to destroy thyroid or thyroidectomy
graves disease
severe form of hyperthyroidism
more common in woman
sym- strained intense expression, goiter, tachycardia
tx- radioactive iodine- destroy the thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
underactive thyroid gland, two forms exist
cretinism- develops in infancy or early childhood and results in lack of mental and physically growth which leads to mental retardation. If found early can give oral thyroid hormone
myxedema- occurs later in child/adulthood. Coarse, dry skin, slow mental function, fatigue, weakness, intolerance to cold, weight gain, edema, puffy eyes, and a slow pulse
tx- administering oral thyroid hormone and adding iodized salt
parathyroid- attached to thyroid galnds
parathormone
regulate amt. of calcium in blood
stimulates bone cells to break down bone bone tissue and release calcium and phosphates into the blood causing kidneys to conserve and reabsorbed calcium
hyperparathyroidism
over production of parathormone
results in hypercalcemia which leds to kidney stones, lethargy, GI disorder
condition usually result of a tumor so tx would be to remove
hypoparathyroidism
underactive parathyroid causes low levels of calcium in blood
caused by surgical removal of parathyroid gland
sym- tenany, seizures, twitching
adrenal glands
located above kidneys often called suprarenal glands
parts are cortex and medulla
secretes steroid hormones which are classified into three grps
minalcorticoid, glucocorticoid, and gonadocoricoids
epinephrine and norepinephrine
addisons disease
decrease secretion of aldosterone It interferes w/ the absorption of sodium and water and increase the levels of potassium in blood
sym- dehydration, diarrhea, and fatigue
tx- adminster corticosteroids control intake of sodium and fluid replacement
cushings syndrome
over secretion of glucocorticoids caused by a tumor or excess production of ACTH
sym- hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue
tx- remove the tumor hormone replacement therapy
pancreas
located behind stomach
exocrine- secretes pancreatic juices
endocrine isle of langerhans produce insulin which helps absorb sugar from the blood
diabetes mellitus- chronic condition cause by the decrease secretion of insulin
type 1- usually occur early in life and is more severe and it requires insulin
type 2- mature onset obese adults and can be controlled through diet and exercise
sym- polyuria, vision change, weight loss
diabetic coma will occur if not treated
tx- diet, regular exercise, insulin
ovaries-female sex glands, located in the pelvis, secrete hormones that regulate menstration and secondary sexual characteristics
testes- male sex gland located in the scrotal sac produce hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics
pineal body- in the brain
exact function unknown
melatonin, serotonin, adrenogomerulotropin
placenta
temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy
functions- act as a link between mom and child, provides nutrition, promotes lactation
expelled after birth
three hormones- estrogen, progesterone, and chronic gonodotropin
