Endocrine System- McKinney

group of tubeless glands

secrete substances called hormones

hormones secreted directly into bloodstream

consists of glands like adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid

chemical substances produced and secreted by endocrine glands

functions include: regulate growth and development, regulate metabolism, stimulate other endocrine glands image

pituitary gland

master gland of body

located at base of brain

divided under two sections

anterior- ACTH, TSH,GH, LH

posterior- ADH and Oxytocin image

acromegaly

over secretion of GH in an adult caused by a benign tumor on pituitary gland image

bones of hands and feet enlarge skin and tongue thickens, slurred speech is developed

Gigantism- acromegaly but it occur before puberty. excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development, and at times mental retardation image

tx- surgical removal of tumor

dwarfism- results from under secretion of GH that can be caused from a tumor, infection, genetic factors or injury image

characterized by small body size, short extremities, and lack of sexual development, mental development is normal

if caught early injections of GH for 5 or more years

Diabetes insipidus

low levels of ADH prevents water from being absorbed in kidneys

decreased amt. of ADH

tx- injections of ADH

sym- polyuria, weakness, dry skin image

thyroid gland

synthesizes hormones that regulates bodys metabolism and control the level of calcium and the blood

located in neck

requires iodine from food intake image

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hyperactive thyroid, an iodine deficiency, an over production of TSH on part of the pituitary gland

sym- choking sensation, cough, dysphagia

tx- eliminate the cause, surgery may be required

hyperthyroidism

overactive thyroid which causes increased production of thyroid hormones and increases your metabolic rate

sym- nervousness, tremors, rapid pulse

tx- radiation to destroy thyroid or thyroidectomy

graves disease

severe form of hyperthyroidism

more common in woman

sym- strained intense expression, goiter, tachycardia

tx- radioactive iodine- destroy the thyroid gland

hypothyroidism

underactive thyroid gland, two forms exist

cretinism- develops in infancy or early childhood and results in lack of mental and physically growth which leads to mental retardation. If found early can give oral thyroid hormone

myxedema- occurs later in child/adulthood. Coarse, dry skin, slow mental function, fatigue, weakness, intolerance to cold, weight gain, edema, puffy eyes, and a slow pulse

tx- administering oral thyroid hormone and adding iodized salt

parathyroid- attached to thyroid galnds

parathormone

regulate amt. of calcium in blood

stimulates bone cells to break down bone bone tissue and release calcium and phosphates into the blood causing kidneys to conserve and reabsorbed calcium

hyperparathyroidism

over production of parathormone

results in hypercalcemia which leds to kidney stones, lethargy, GI disorder

condition usually result of a tumor so tx would be to remove

hypoparathyroidism

underactive parathyroid causes low levels of calcium in blood

caused by surgical removal of parathyroid gland

sym- tenany, seizures, twitching

adrenal glands

located above kidneys often called suprarenal glands

parts are cortex and medulla

secretes steroid hormones which are classified into three grps

minalcorticoid, glucocorticoid, and gonadocoricoids

epinephrine and norepinephrine

addisons disease

decrease secretion of aldosterone It interferes w/ the absorption of sodium and water and increase the levels of potassium in blood

sym- dehydration, diarrhea, and fatigue

tx- adminster corticosteroids control intake of sodium and fluid replacement

cushings syndrome

over secretion of glucocorticoids caused by a tumor or excess production of ACTH

sym- hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue

tx- remove the tumor hormone replacement therapy

pancreas

located behind stomach

exocrine- secretes pancreatic juices

endocrine isle of langerhans produce insulin which helps absorb sugar from the blood

diabetes mellitus- chronic condition cause by the decrease secretion of insulin

type 1- usually occur early in life and is more severe and it requires insulin

type 2- mature onset obese adults and can be controlled through diet and exercise

sym- polyuria, vision change, weight loss

diabetic coma will occur if not treated

tx- diet, regular exercise, insulin

ovaries-female sex glands, located in the pelvis, secrete hormones that regulate menstration and secondary sexual characteristics

testes- male sex gland located in the scrotal sac produce hormones that regulate secondary sexual characteristics

pineal body- in the brain

exact function unknown

melatonin, serotonin, adrenogomerulotropin

placenta

temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy

functions- act as a link between mom and child, provides nutrition, promotes lactation

expelled after birth

three hormones- estrogen, progesterone, and chronic gonodotropin