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Models and Methods (Biomedical (Psychological symptoms are caused by…
Models and Methods
Biomedical
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Identify the agent or mechanism which is faulty, fix it and the mental aspects will correct themselves accordingly
Treatments: medication, surgery, shock therapy, acupuncture
Psychologists are in short supply, and are expensive to hire so resources for mental health are not sufficient, especially in the current so-called epidemic...
GPs tend to prescribe medication first and foremost as they don't know what else to do and its 'better than nothing'...
Problem because...
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GPs have such little time due to demands of NHS that they don't have time to properly assess and diagnose patients
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Inaccurate diagnoses can be damaging and stigmatising and make treating the actual problem even more difficult
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Benefits of the approach
Leads to effective (sometimes) and focused, specific treatment pathways - practically speaking a useful approach
Drug treatments tend to deliver faster, more immediate results
Less stigma, guilt and moral judgement of patient as an external cause is to blame
Cognitive
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Ellis
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Maladaptive behaviour is born from maladaptive thinking, inaccurate assumptions and irrational beliefs
Beck
Triad: Self, World, Future
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Overall, individuals with mental health issues generalise, are inflexible in their beliefs and have difficulty adjusting to change
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Behavioural
Changes
Used to focus solely on observable behaviour but now incorporates cognitive aspects and learning through cognition i.e. motivations, goals etc
Learning theories are key, as well as environmental aspects which allow maintenance of certain behaviours
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Extremely effective in some e.g. Eating disorders, phobias
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example Drug Adherence:
take drug
mood changes
behaviour changes
reinforcements, such as positive social interactions
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Psychodynamic
Internal, and unconscious, mental processes/ conflicts and emphasis on childhood experiences
Implies an inability to change or even perhaps to help those with mental health issues... though of course there are interventions
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Being made aware of an 'internal conflict' is beneficial in recovery and provides comfort to the individual
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Psychosocial
Wider context: values and beliefs, expectations and norms of society
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Brennan & Croft
Some go as far as saying that it is innapropriate for Observational Studies to even include statistical analysis e.g. they shouldn't say that results were "statistically significant" as the risk on confounds is so much higher than in a randomised controlled trial
No adult psychological problem is truly 'discrete' ( caused by a single factor)... interventions are often most effective when they combine components from various approaches