Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cell organisation, enzymes, Investigating enzyme reactions, enzymes and…
Cell organisation, enzymes, Investigating enzyme reactions, enzymes and digestion
Cell organisation
Large multicellular organisms are made up of organ systems
Cells are the building block that make all living organisms
Specialised cells carry out a particular function
The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job is called differentiation
Differentiation occurs during the development of a multicellular organism
the cells form tissues, which form organs which for an organ system
Large multicellular organisms, e.g. animals, have different systems inside of them for exchanging and transporting materials
Cells are organised into tissues
Glandular tissue, which makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue, covers some parts of the body, e.g inside the gut
Muscular tissue, contracts to move whatever it is attached too
Tissues are organised into organs
Glandular tissue makes digestive juices to digest food
Epithelial tissue covers the outside and inside of the stomach
Muscular tissue moves the stomach wall to churn the food up
Organs are organised into the organ system
The liver, which produces bile
The small intestine, which absorbs soluble foods
the stomach and small intestine which digest food
The large intestine, absorbs water from undigested food, leaving Faeces
Glands (Pancreas and salivary glands produce digestive juices)
Enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things
Reactions are made quicker when there is higher temperature, this speeds up all reactions. There is a limit to how high the temperature can be
Living things produce a enzymes that act as a biological catalyst, enzymes are only used to speed up useful reactions
Reactions are controlled to get the right amount of substances
Catalysts are a substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction
Enzymes have special shapes so they can catalyse reactions
Chemical reactions usually involve things being split apart of joined together
Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in the reaction
The usually only catalyse one specific reaction
The substrate has to fit into its active site. If it doesn't the reaction won't be catalysed
Enzymes need the right temperature and pH
Changing the temperature changes the rates of reaction for the enzyme catalyst
If it gets too hot the enzymes bonds will break and the enzymes will DENATURE
All enzymes have an optimum temperature that they work best at
If the pH of an enzyme gets too high or too low then it changes the shape of the active site so they DENATURE
Enzymes also have an optimum pH that they work best at, it is often pH 7 but pepsin works best at pH 2 as it will be better for acidic conditions e.g the stomach
Enzymes and digestion
Digestive enzymes break down big molecules
Starch, proteins and fats are big molecules
They produce, AMINO ACIDS, GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS.
They are too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system, so digestive enzymes break the big molecules into smaller ones like sugars
These can easily pass through the walls of the digestive system, allowing them to be absorbed into the bloods stream
The body makes good use of the products of digestion. They can be used to make new carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Some of the glucose is made for respiration
Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into simple sugars
Amylase is an example of a carbohydrase. It breaks down starch
Amylase are made in three places
The salivary glands
The pancreas
The small intestine
Starch ---Amylase--> Maltose and other sugars
Proteases convert proteins into amino acids
Proteases are made in three places
The pancreas
The small intestine
The stomach
Proteins --Protease--> Amino acids
lipases convert lipids into amino acids
Lipases are made into 2 places
The pancreas
The small intestine
Lipid --lipase--> Glycerol and fatty acids
Bile neutralises he stomachs acid and emulsifies fats
Bile is produced in the liver
It is stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine
Bile is an alkali to neutralise the hydrochloric acid
It emulsifies fats