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Biological Molecules (Enzymes (Globular Proteins, Acts as catalysts,…
Biological Molecules
Enzymes
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Increase in temp, Increase in kinetic energy, may lead to denaturation
pH can be optimum, or changes shape of the active site. May change the tertiary structure
Low enzyme concentration, increase in rate of reaction, plateau
Medium enzyme concentration, quicker rate of reaction, plateau
High enzyme concentration, no increase in rate, empty enzymes
Low substrate concentration, increase in rate but slow
High substrate concentration, quick rate of reaction, slower finish
Medium substrate concentration, increase + optimal
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Non competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme not at the active site, changes the shape of the enzyme
Carbohydrates
Test - Benedicts solution and heat, turns from blue to green, yellow, orange and brick red
Alpha glucose = Both H on top
Beta glucose = Left H on top, Right H on bottom
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Test- Non reducing = add HCl and boil for 5 mins, add sodium bicarbonate, add benedicts and should give a brick red solution
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Starch = compact,
- Insoluble
- hydrolysed into glucose
- branched
Glycogen: Insoluble, compact for energy, Highly branched + can be used by enzymes
Cellulose: Beta glucose, straight, unbranched, plant cells. hydrogen bonds, microfibrils
Protein
Amino Acids
Amino Group, Carboxyl Group
Hydrogen atoms
Residual Group
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Forms DNA
Phosphate, ribose and organic base
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1=mononucleotide, 2=dinucleotide 3=polynucleotide
DNA - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
RNA - Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine
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Secondary Structure - Hydrogen bonds, alpha helix, beta pleating
Tertiary Structure - 3D structure: disulfide bridges, Ionic bonds,
Hydrogen bonds
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Test- Add NaOH equal parts, CuSO4 = Blue->Purple
Fats
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Protection, Waterproofing, Triglycerides, Energy
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Test - Ethanol, shake and add water, = white cloud precipitate
ATP
Adenine, Ribose, 3x Phosphates
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Used for a metabolic processes, Movement,
Active Transport,
Secretion,
Activation of molecules
Water
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High specific heat capacity, allows for a buffer
Latent heat of evaporation, allows cooling when sweating
Cohesion and Surface Tension, allows for organisms to live on the surface of water and transport in the xylem for plants
Metabolite, used in hydrolysis
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Used as a solvent; CO2, Ammonia, Urea, Amino Acids, Enzymes
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