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England's / Henry VII's Relations with Foreign Powers (The Powers…
England's / Henry VII's Relations with Foreign Powers
The Powers in Context
Burgundy - a collection of towns and states created by marriage alliances, diplomatic agreements and invasion . This was the main cloth finishing and trade centre, with Margaret of Burgundy a powerful Yorkist figure - Edward IVs sister
Holy Roman Empire - was the largest state in Europe and held over 20 million inhabitants, made up of a number of states. This made the Emperor, Maximillian, very powerful, with claims to Italy and also Burgundy, with him marrying Mary of Burgundy in 1477
Italy - a number of different states some very wealthy including Milan, Florence, Venice, Naples and the Papal States. It was weak and divided but geographically strategic, with claims from both the HRE and France and ambitions from Spain
Spain - Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille had unified it in 1479, becoming a large power. They had a claim to Naples, and wanted to retake lands seized by the French in 1462. They also wanted to drive the Muslims out of Granada.
France - ruled by Charles VIII from 1483, France had grown quickly in size and power - 15 million people, the continents biggest unified country. Charles wanted to secure Brittany, Milan and Naples.
Brittany - was ruled by Francis II and was an ally of Henry, who had launched his rebellion in England from here.
Scotland - was ruled by a king who relied on co-operative nobles, so could be vulnerable to usurpers. Had a population of 400,000, was a vast and rugged landscape and an allegiance to France, so could be a large threat. Carlisle and Berwick were two full time garrisons aiming to stop border raids.
Ireland - held Yorkist sympathies and was ideal to launch a rebellion from, furthermore Henry only had control of the Pale, with Gerald Fitzgerald of Kildare and other nobles controlling the rest
What Were Henry's Aims?
Security / Combatting Pretenders
Warbeck had gained support from various countries, and Henry tried to combat this:
Charles of France signed the Treaty of Etaples, and Warwick left
The trade embargo on Burgundy was detrimental to English trade and didn't force Warbeck out
Kildare had harboured Warbeck, so Henry was forced to rule through the Pale, controlling Ireland with his son Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland, passing Poynings Law
Tensions rose with the Scots after James gave Warbeck a small force, and the garrisons stepped up their presence.
However Kildare and James soon lost interest in Warwick and instead turned to loyalty, with James marrying Margaret and signing the treaty of perpetual peace and the treaty of Ayton
Medina Del Campo was a mutual agreement with Spain not to harbour pretenders
Lovell fled to Margaret of Burgundy and convinced her to support Simnel, who was crowned king by Kildare in 1487 - there were external threats to Henry
Avoiding War
Initial treaty of perpetual peace and Ayton relieved tensions with Scotland
Treaty of Etaples secured a French Pension after a very small military campaign
Medina del Campo was successful with Spain and England offering mutual protection and stopping pretenders, whilst also securing marriage
Small campaigns in Brittany and Scotland both go well eventually
Dynastic Marriages
Catherine and Arthur - MDC. Takes 10 years to actually happen, and the death of Arthur leaves her stranded in England
James and Margaret - PP.
Trade Agreements
Medina del Campo giving merchants from both countries equal trading rights, and duties that favoured England
Etaples reduced restrictions between England and France
Intercursus Magnus ended the trade embargo with Burgundy, whilst the Intercursus Malus promised great privileges for English merchants, but never happened.
Timeline of Events
1485 to 1497
1493 Trade Embargo on Burgundy was introduced in order to reduce their support for Warbeck, with the Intercursus Magnus bringing this to an end after Phillip and Isabella signed the treaty after being shipwrecked on England. Henry also gained the Earl of Suffolk a Yorkist fugitive, gained later in the Treaty of Windsor
By 1496 Kildare agrees to be loyal to the king and brings some peace to Ireland, after Henry had used the Pale and Sir Poynings to control Ireland, with Poynings Law stating that the Irish Parliament needed approval from the English court. Tensions were also high with Scotland who had provided Warbeck with a pension, a small army and a marriage to the kings cousin Lady Gordon.
1489 Treaty of Medina del Campo was signed between England and Spain, promising mutual protection and was against the harbouring of pretenders, with Arthur to marry Catherine. This was delayed until after Warbeck was executed.
1487, the French invade Brittany and Henry launches a campaign against France in 1489, with an allegiance with Emperor Maximillian with the Treaty of Dordrecht. He also signs the Treaty of Redon to give money and promises to send troops, but loses interest and goes to fight in Italy. This combined with Anne surrendering leaves Henry marooned, but in 1492 he has launched the campaign anyway, with Charles suing for peace and offering Henry a large French pension and relieved tensions and trade restrictions with the Treaty of Etaples.
in 1486, Kildare crowns Simnel king of Ireland.
1498 to 1509
1497 Cornish rebellion forced Henry to secure peace with Scotland in the treaty of Ayton
In 1501 Catherine and Arthur finally marry but Arthur then dies in 1502, and Ferdinand doesn't agree to Henry's plans for Catherine to marry his next son, Henry. This is made complicated by the need for Papal dispensation, furthermore Ferdinand doesn't see England as a necessary ally.
1503 James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Henry's daughter in the TofPP
1505 Treaty of Blois between Spain and France, with Ferdinand marrying King Louis' niece. This was a strong and dangerous alliance.
In 1506 the Treaty of Windsor was signed, giving the Earl of Suffolk to Henry and promised great trade deals with a later Intercursus Malus, with Henry vowing to support Burgundy's claim to Spain. However Isabella died in 1504 and Phillip dies in 1506, meaning the trade deals never happen and Ferdinand is antagonised by Henry's support for his enemy
Treaty of Cambrai in 1508, with Spain, France and the HRE all combining to attack Venice.