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Language (Functions of language (Phatic Function (Language used for social…
Language
Functions of language
Phatic Function
Language used for social interaction
Ex. Greetings
Directive Function
Get listener to do something
Informative Function
To give information, tell something
Interrogative Function
Ask for information
Expressive Function
Reveal speaker's thoughts and feelings
Evocative Function
Create certain feelings in listeners
Performative Function
To perform acts or do things
"You're under arrest"
Design features of language
Duality
1 level elements have no meaning
Combining forms units at another level has meaning
Arbitrariness
No connection between sound and meaning associated with
Productivity
We produce and understand sentences in own language
Even sentences never heard before
Interchangability
Roles of speaker and listener are exchanged easily
Displacement
People can talk when objects or events are not present
Cultural Transmission
Spoken language is transmitted by culture not heredity
Components of Language
Sentence
Sequence of words with meaning
Word
Smallest free form of language
Morpheme
Smallest unit of sound with meaning
Unbound
Can stand alone as a word
Dog, Park
Bound
Must be in combination with other morphemes
PRE, ING, ED
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound that can distinguish words
Flow of air from lungs to mouth or nose
Voicing
Vibration of vocal folds
Z, D, B, V
Or lack of vibration
S, T, P, F
Manner of production
Air is fully stopped
B, P, D, T
Or restricted
Z, S, V, F
Place of articulation
Where in mouth the air is restricted
Top teeth against bottom lip
V, F
Tongue behind upper teeth
D, T, Z, S
Closing of lips
B, P
Hierarchical Organization
Sentence
Phrase
Word
Morpheme
Phoneme
Characteristics of Words
Phonology: sequence of phonemes that make up word
Orthography: how word is spelled
Syntax: how word is combined with other words
Semantics: what word means
Referent: actual word or object
Vocal symbols used for communication
System
Elements arranged based on rules
Arbitrary
No intrinsic connection between word and thing
Vocal
primary medium
Theories
Nativist View
Born with device for grammar in any language
Chomsky
Learning Theory
Children learn through operant conditioning
Children imitate sounds
Encouraged by parents
Skinner
Communication of thoughts and feelings
Implicit knowledge of rules that govern decisions
Ex. rat-infested VS. rats-infested
