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Urinary/Fluids (Function of Electrolytes (About 99% of Sodium is found in…
Urinary/Fluids
Function of Electrolytes
About 99% of Sodium is found in the ECF, the Na gradient is maintained by the Na/K pumps . Sodium function in neromuscular functions and cotransport in kidney tubules. Sodium also plays a role in blood plasma osmolarity, water moves from the cell into the plasma, or visa-versa, depending on Na concentration.
Hyponatremia is when sodium levels are below the normal levels. This can cause cell swelling, a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure.
Hypernatremia when sodium levels are above the normal levels, this can result in cell shrinkage causing neurologic impairment, or an excess in fluid, causing high blood pressure or edema.
Chloride is a common anion found mostly in the ECF. It works with the other electrolytes, specifically Na, to help regulate the amount of fluid in the body and maintain the acid-base balance. Also participates in the chloride shift within erythrocytes.
Hyperchloremia is when levels of Chloride are above normal levels. This can cause a decrease in nerve excitability and effect the concentration of other vital ions.
Hypochloremia is when the levels of chloride are below normal levels. This will cause an increased excitability of nerves and a change in concentration of other vital ions.
About 98 of *Potassium is found in the ICF, this gradient is maintained by the Na/K pumps. Potassium is required for neuromuscular activities and controlling heart rhythm
Hyperkalemia is when potassium levels exceed normal levels. This can cause a faster rate of diffusion of K into the cells, altering the resting membrane potential it can also cause an impairment in the creation of action potentials, making muscles and nerves less excitable.
Hypokalemia is when potassium levels are below the normal levels. The cells will become hyperpolarized, which will interfere with neuron and muscle function.
Phosphate is the most abundant anion in the ICF. Majority is stored in bones and teeth as calcium phosphate. Acts as an intracellular buffer and urine buffer, it is also a component of DNA, RNA, and phospholipids.
Hyperphosphatemia is when phosphate levels are higher than normal levels. This can cause a precipitation of calcium, leading to hypocalcemia
Hypophosphatemia is when phosphate levels are lower than normal levels. This has many effects and leads to a decrease in production of ATP.
Calcium is the most abundant electrolyte in bone and teeth. It is needed for muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and participates in blood clotting.
Hypercalcemia is when calcium levels are higher than normal levels. This can interfere with normal muscle and nerve function and cause underexcitability of muscle and nerves
Hypoclacemia is when calcium levels are lower than normal levels. This can cause overexcitabulity of muscle and nerves
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Nephron Physiology
Glomerular Filtration occurs in the glomerular capillaries of the nephron and is the separation of some water and dissolved solutes from the blood plasma. End product called filtrate
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed. This can be regulated either by the kidneys (intrinsic control) or by the nervous system and hormones (extrinsic control)
Blood plasma must pass through three layers of the glomerulus during filtration. The Endothelium restricts the passage of large structures, e.g. formed elements. The Basement Membrane restricts the passage of large plasma proteins. The visceral layer restricts the passage of small proteins.
What is filtered? small substances such as water, glucose, amino acids, urea, water-soluble vitamins, and ketones. What is not filtered? The formed elements of the blood (leukocytes, red blood cells and platelets) and proteins.
Glomerular Hydrostatic (blood) Pressure is the driving force that pushes water and some dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure is defined as the osmotic pressure exerted by blood due to the dissolve solutes it contains. It is said to oppose glomerular hydrostatic pressure because it tend to draw fluid into the glomerulus
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure in the glomerular capsule due to the amount of filtrate already in the caosular space. It is said to oppose glomerular hydrostatic pressure because it impedes the movement of additional fluid from the blood into the capsular space.
Tubular Reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule where each nutrient has its own transport proteins, it is the movement of solutes from the tubular fluid back into the blood stream.
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Excess solutes, waste products and some water remain in filtrate
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The reabsorbtion of solutes occurs in three different ways Active Transport, Diffusion and Osmosis
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Sodium reabsorption occurs along the entire nephron tubule, with majority reabsorbed in PCT. This is done by Na/K pumps embedded in the membrane. This process can be regulated by aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide hormone.
Water reabsorption occurs via paracellular transport and aquaporins. The majority of water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. The concentration gradient created when Na leaves the tubule also aids in water reabsorption
Potassium is reabsorbed or secreted depending on the movement of Na. 60 to 80% is reabsorbed in tubular fluid. Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule resorb potassium continuously
Tubular Secretion is the selective movement of solutes, mostly by active transport, out of the blood into the tubular fluid for excretion
The Loop of Henle is responsible for the countercurrent multiplier and creates the concentration gradient.
The descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water and impermeanle to salts. Water moves out of tubule to interstitial fluid and salts are retained in tubule
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In theVasa Recta blood travels in the opposite direction to the tubular fluid of the adjacent nephron loop, this helps create the countercurrent exchange system. To help maintain the concentration gradient as water diffuses out, via osmosis, and salt flows in, by diffusion.
Urea recycling helps the concentrating process in the interstitial fluid. Urea is pumped from tubular fluid in the collecting duct and diffuses back into tubular fluid at the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
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At the DCT potassium is secreted into the tubular fluid (this is dependent on intercalated cells and principal cells)
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