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Impacts of Unemployment (Individual differences (Coping mechanisms ('…
Impacts of Unemployment
a highly emotional, political and popular topic... Scientific research helps to cut through the myths and provide more accurate insight
UN definition
someone who has been seeking work in the past month, is able to begin work in the next 2 weeks and is not currently employed
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mental illness... if it can be caused by unemployment it might also prevent people from re-entering employment, and could technically avoid the classification of being unemployed - rather non-employed
percentages refer to the proportion of the total work force i.e. not including non-employed people like the chronically ill
Poor health
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LOWER
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stronger correlation for those unemployed for over 6 months i.e. health deteriorates gradually during unemployment and the burden on well-being increases over time
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Agency (lack of)
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If unemployment is *chosen i.e.* quit job as was not satisfied rather than being fired, does this mean agency still high and well-being not suffering?
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Individual differences
Gender
there tends to be higher stigma associated with unemployment for men as it is a social norm that men will be working to provide for those around them. Women do not face these pressures at the same level and therefore might experience less stigma when unemployed
Coping mechanisms
'Problem-focused': re-revaluate the situation and take on the challenge of re-employment with enthusiasm
higher feelings of agency and certainty about future ("I will find another job soon"). However, if unsuccessful can be draining on well-being as can be stressful and frustrating (lower agency etc).
in a way... this mindset gives people a way of temporarily avoiding the well-being deficits caused by UE, but they must find a job fairly quickly else the effects will start to appear.
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Cognition
Perceptions of unemployment, what does it mean to the individual?
Personality
Self-esteem, Locus of control and self-efficacy all buffer the negative effects of UE... lead to more of a 'Problem-focused' response
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Social norms & support
UE has a less intense impact on those in communities with high unemployment rates, compared to those in communities with low unemployment rates
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less social support due to practicalities... if everyone else in the community is working 9-5 then any UE individuals may have unstructured and unsociable lives
e.g. Warr 17-yr olds well-being better when had, £ financial help and guidance of what to do next
Circumstances
Was the redundancy expected? - i.e. did they have time to prepare and start looking for something new? Was it perceived to be fair?
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Interventions
Vocational guidance
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Donohue & Patton
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60 ppts, unemployed for at least 6 months
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All participants thought that the guidance would be helpful before they received it so self-report of outcomes doesn't seem most reliable due to demand characteristics and socially desirable answers... measurement of actual re-employment may have been better?
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Self-efficacy Eden
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leads to better chances of re-employment only with those who had low self-efficacy at the beginning of the trial
Overall, more longitudinal research is needed