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L13 Preparation (Kohlberg (his biases (favors western (individualistic)…
L13 Preparation
Kohlberg
stages of moral reasoning are the same for all persons
individuals progress from one stage to the next
changing from stages is gradual.
some move more rapidly than others.
the way people reason influences how they actually behave in a moral situation
experiences that provide opportunities for role taking foster progress through the stages
preconventional level
the individual considers and weighs the personal consequences
conventional level
individual can look beyond personal consequences and consider others' perspectives
postconventional level
individual considers and weighs the values behind various consequences from various points of view
his biases
favors western (individualistic) view on morality
all male sample
arguments
Carol gilligan - argues kohlberg's morality only from a perspective of justice
justice moral perspective - emphasizes the rights of the individual; when individual rights conflict, equitable rules of justice must prevail
care moral perspective - views people in terms of their connectedness with others, others welfare is intrinsically connected to ones own
causes of aggression
biological
evolution, genetics, neuroscience
social cognitive
learning theory - actions are contingent on consequences
direct or vicarious reinforcement enforces altruism
information processing theory - the way someone attends to, perceives, interprets, remembers, and acts on events/situations
sociocultural
peers, community
ecological
variables: child, family, school, peers, media, community
socialization variables: harsh discipline, lack of maternal warmth, exposure to aggressive models, maternal aggressiveness, family stressors, mother's lack of social support, peer group instability, lack of cognitive stimulation
morality vs. individual contexts
temperament
self control
self esteem
intelligence & education
theories of gender role development
psychoanalytic theory
oedipus and electra complex
deals with how one comes to feel like a male or female
social cognitive
how one comes to behave as a male/female
cognitive developmental
how one comes to reason about oneself as a male/female
ie "I'm a boy therefore I do boy things":
gender schema
deals how one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female by interpreting gender linked info.
they develop a schema for what male and females do in society, like a girl observes her mother and grandma cooking
Kohlbergian DIT (and the stages it corresponds to)
personal interest schema (stages 2 and 3)
maintaining norms schema (stage 4)
postconventional schema (stage 6)
Piaget
heteronomous morality
stage of moral development in which children think of rules as moral absolutes that can't be changed
autonomous morality
stage of moral development in which children realize that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them
altruism - voluntary actions that are intended to help another person or group of people without the actors anticipation of external rewards
some think that brain may be prewired to be empathetic
social interaction vs morality
emotions
family is the basic unit of eternity
marriage is designed to fulfill the emotional needs of adults but it is ALSO an institution for raising children
prosocial behavior - benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, cooperation
sex typing - classification into gender roles based on sex
children who prolonged eating the marshmallow showed more patience for waiting for good things later in life. typically more succesful
men and women need full and equal partnership