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Urinary and Fluid/electrolytes (Electrolytes (Calcium (Hypercalcemia (Too…
Urinary and Fluid/electrolytes
Anatomy of the Urinary system
Ureters
Small tubes that transport the urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder
Triangular Sac that holds the urin until it is expelled through the urethra
made up of 4 distinct layers
Submucosa
Muscularis (detrusor muscle)
Mucosa
transitional epithelium
lamina propria
Adventitia
Trigone
posterioinferior triangular area in the bladder wall
formed by imaginary lines connecting the 2 ureter openings and the urethral opening
Kidneys
Nephron
Functional unit of the kidney,
Anatomy
Renal Corpuscle
Glomerular Capsule
Aka Bowman's Capsule
Two layers
Visceral
Parietal
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Capsular space
Glomerulus
AKA Juxtoglomerular apparatus
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Efferent Arteriole
Meet at the vascular pole
Afferent Arteriole
Distal convoluted Tubule
2 types
Juxtamedullary
Cortical Nephrons
Physiology
Blood travels to the kidneys via the renal arteries
afferent arteriole brings blood into the Bowman's capsule
!. Glomerular Filtration
Pressures associated with GF
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (HPg)
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Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc)
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Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (OPg)
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Passively separates some water and dissolved solutes from the blood plasma within glomerular capularies
Called Filtrate
Determining Net Filtration Pressure
HP-(OPg+HPc)=NFP
Regulated in 3 ways
Neural regulation
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Hormonal Regulation
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Autoregulation
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Tubular Reabsorption
Filtrate travels to the renal tubules
Loop of Henle + Vasa Recta
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Distal Convoluted tubule
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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Tubular Secretion
PCT
Some drugs
Nitrogenous watses
Loop of Henle
continues pushing /recycling urea
DCT
K+ dependent upon both intercalated cells and principle cells
Efferent arterioles takes blood from the Bowman's capsule
two symmetrical, bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs
Approx. 12 cm in length, 6.5 cm in width, and 2.5 cm in thickness
weighs approx 100g
each contains a concave medial border called the Hilum
Surrounded by 4 tissue layers
Renal Fascia
External to the Perinephric fat layer
made up of dense irregular connective tissue
Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures
Perinephric Fat
aka the perirenal fat or adipose capsule
external to the fibrous capsule
contains adipose connective tissue
Provides cushioning and support for the kidney
Paranephric Fat
Outermost layer
aka perarenal fat or paranephric body
made up of adipose connective tissue
provides cushioning and support for the kidney
Fibrous capsule
Adhered directly to the kidney surface
Made up of dense irregular connective tissue
Maintains the shape of the kidney
Protects
From infection
From trauma
Renal Cortex
corticomedulary junction
Renal Medula
Renal papilla
Each kidney is innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
Minor calyxe
Major Calyxe
Renal Pelvis
Renal Lobe
One whole section containing renal cortex and renal medulla
Urethra
The tube that transports the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
Longer in males than females
contains 2 sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter
Involuntary
external urethral sphincter
Voluntary
Electrolytes
Calcium
99% stored in bone and teeth
1% travels through blood for muscular activity
Hypercalcemia
Too much calcium in the blood
Hypercalcemia
too little calcium in the blood
Chloride
associated with sodium
most abundant in ECF
Hyperchloremia
too much chloride in the blood
Phosphate
Abundant in ICF
Hyperphosphatemia
too much phosphates in the blood
hypophosphotemia
too little phosphates in the blood
Potassium
98% in ICF
required for neuromuscular activities and heart rhythm
biggest regulator of blood osmolarity
Hyperkalemia
Too much potassium in the blood
Hypokalemia
too little potassium in the blood
Sodium
99% in ECF
most important in determining blood plasma osmolarity and regulating fluid balance
Hypernatremia
too much sodium in the blood
Hyponatremia
too little sodium in the blood
pH Balance
Balanced
between 7.35 and 7.45
alkalosis
greater than 7.45
Acidosis
less than 7.35
Magnesium
ICF
serves as a catalyst for enzymic reactions
muscle relation
assists in the NA+/K+ pump
hypermagnesemia
too much magnesium in the blood
Hypomagnesemia
too little magnesium in the blood
Body Fluid compartments
Extracellular Fluid (ICF)
Blood plasma
Interstitial Fluid
fluid that's in between the cells (but not in them)
small amount located lymphatic vessels, cerebrospinal spaces, etc.
Intracellular Fluid (ECF)
makes up 60% of body fluid
fluid that's inside the cells