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Unit 7 (Chapter 36 (Musical Reading: Schubert, Schumann, and the Early…

- - - - song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem
    - - song structure that is composed from beginning to end, without repetitions of large sections
    - - song structure that combines elements of strophic and through-composed forms; a variation of strophic form in which a section might have a new key, rhythm, or varied melodic pattern
    - - German art song
        
        art song: song set to a high-quality literary text, usually accompanied, and intended for concert performance
      - solo voice usually accompanied by piano
      - themes of love and nature
      - favored poets included Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Heinrich Heine
    - - group of songs that are unified musically or through their texts
    - - Elfking
        
        through-composed lied based on Danish legend
      - wrote more than 600 Lieder
    - - A Poet's Love
        
        song cycle
      - wrote more than 200 Lieder
      - Clara Wieck
        
        spouse
        
        pianist and composer
  - - - Melody
        
        wide-ranging
        
        each character sings in a different range
        
        father: low register, minor key
        
        son: high register, minor key
        
        narrator: middle register, minor key
        
        elfking: middle register, major key
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        constant triplets in the piano
        
        more lilting feel for Elfking
        
        duple meter
      - Harmony
        
        shifts from minor to major
        
        dissonance projects the boy’s terror
      - Form
        
        through-composed
      - Expression
        
        fast
        
        mood of urgency in the accompaniment and dramatic dialogue
      - Performing Forces
        
        solo voice and piano
      - Text
        
        narrative poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
  - - - Melody
        
        winding melodic line, set syllabically
        
        both verses rise to a climax
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        winding melodic line, set syllabically
        
        both verses rise to a climax
      - Harmony
        
        a lack of resolution to the tonic
        
        meandering
      - Form
        
        strophic (two verses)
        
        piano pre-lude, interlude, and postlude
      - Expression
        
        melancholic mood portrays unrequited love
      - Performing Forces
        
        solo voice and piano
      - Text
        
        Heinrich Heine poem, with text-painting in the music
      - Lied, from a song cycle
- - - - Italian madrigal
        
        linked music and lyric poetry
        
        usually feature expressive text setting, word painting and multiple meanings
        
        word painting: musical pictorialization of words as an expressive device
        
        madrigalisms: a striking effect designed to depict the meaning of the text in vocal music; found in many madrigals
    - - English madrigal
        
        simpler and lighter in style compared to Italian madrigals
    - - secular vocal composition, unaccompanied, in three, four, or more parts
    - - secular genre
    - - renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem
    - - a bound music book, either print or manuscript
  - - - Melody
        
        dancelike
        
        diatonic
      - Rhythm
        
        begins in duple meter
        
        lively rhythms
        
        shifts to triple and back
      - Texture
        
        varied
        
        some imitation; homorhythmic for last line
        
        first monophonic
      - Form
        
        short, repeated sections
      - Expression
        
        word painting
        
        "all alone"
        
        sung by soprano alone
        
        "up and down"
        
        descending line; shown in soprano and alto
      - Performing Forces
        
        four voices (SATB)
        
        a cappella
      - Text
        
        lighthearted pastoral English poem
      - English madrigal
- - - - a dance form featuring a staged presentation of group or solo dancing with music, costumes, and scenery
    - - Russian composer
      - Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker
    - - intermedio in Italy
      - masque in England
      - ballet de cour in France
    - - percussion instrument resembling a miniature upright piano, with tuned metal plates struck by hammers that are operated by a keyboard
  - - - Melody
        
        hort, staccato melody, descending, with sforzandos
        
        somewhat chromatic
        
        staccato melody
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        lively peasant dance
        
        heavy accents
        
        bouncy duple meter
        
        accelerando (getting faster)
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
        
        contrapuntal B section
      - Form
        
        three part
        
        A-B-A
      - Expression
        
        vivacious mood
        
        builds to a frenzy at the end
        
        quiet and mysterious mood
      - Performing Forces
        
        accompanied by bass clarinet and pizzicato strings
        
        tambourine featured with strings and woodwinds; trumpet fanfare
        
        bell-like timbre of celesta
- - - - combined modernist approaches to art music and dance
      - leader of Paris's Ballet Russes
    - - Russian composer
      - revitalized rhythm by increasing it's complexity
      - The Firebird, Petrushka
      - The Rite of Spring
        
        choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky
  - - - Melody
        
        floating
        
        folk-song melody
        
        disjunct
        
        Russian folk-song melodies alternate with nonmelodic sound blocks
        
        scurrying melodic figures and horn calls
        
        brief folk tune
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        basic duple pulse with irregular accents
        
        the four-note rhythmic idea establishes a duple pulse
        
        free shifting meter
        
        constant eighth-note motion
        
        fast tempo, meter not established
        
        unpredictable accents
      - Expression
        
        forceful
        
        high energy and changing dynamics
        
        very slow tempo (Lento)
        
        haunting mood
        
        frenetic and primitive mood
      - Timbre
        
        high-range bassoon with solo clarinets
        
        pizzicato strings
        
        changing instrumental colors throughout
        
        quickly shifting instrumental colors
      - Ballet (often performed as a concert piece for orchestra)
      - Scenes of pagan Russia
      - choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky
      - Harmony
        
        dissonant chord repeated over and over
        
        sound blocks
        
        harshly dissonant
        
        crashing chords
      - Form
        
        sectional, with opening section recurring several times
        
        A-B-A'-C-A-D-E-F-G-A''-F'
      - Texture
        
        dense
        
        complex polyphony
        
        shifting activity
      - Timber
        
        changing instrumental colors throughout
      - Performing Forces
        
        huge orchestra with expanded brass, woodwind, and percussion sections
- - - - French movement developed by visual artists who favored vague, blurring images intended to capture an “impression” of the subject
      - music is characterized by exotic scales, unresolved dissonances, parallel chords, rich orchestral tone color, and free rhythm
    - - French impressionist composer
      - Prelude to "The Afternoon of a Faun"
        
        later choreographed by the great Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky
        
        statement-departure-return (A-B-A')
        
        inspired by a pastoral poem by Symbolist writer Stéphane Mallarmé describing the faun
    - - five-note chord spanning a ninth between its lowest and highest pitches
      - new tone combination
  - - - Melody
        
        lyrical, sinuous melody
        
        chromatic at opening and closing
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        sense of floating
        
        lacks pulse
        
        free-flowing
        
        middle section is more animated
      - Harmony
        
        use of "blue" chords
        
        lower thirds
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
        
        light and airy
      - Form
        
        loose A-B-A' structure
      - Expression
        
        evocative mood
        
        sensual
      - Timbre
        
        rich colors, especially in woodswinds
      - Performing Forces
        
        woodwinds
        
        French horns
        
        strings (with two harps)
        
        antique cymbals
      - symphonic poem