Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Geography case studies (Human Geography (Curitiba (The BRT runs on a…

- - - - High crime rates
      - Unemployment
      - Poverty
      - Natural disasters
      - Water shortages
    - - Better living standards
      - Better healthcare
      - Better education
    - - Language barrier
      - Migrants increasing crime rates in the US
      - Many migrants are elderly who cant work
    - - Migrants take low paying jobs
      - Migrants often send money back to Mexico to their families
      - More migrants leaving Mexico lead to pressure on land, social services and jobs .
      - Food shortages in Mexico because of the lac of farmers
  - - - Can lead to other health problems
    - - Massive reduction in congestion and pollution due to traffic
        
        Healthier population
        
        More constructive and productive population
      - Keeps fares very cheap (only 40 cents)
    - - Minibuses pick people up from their homes on the outskirts
      - Conventional buses then take people from the smaller stations to the mainline stations
      - Finally, the dedicated mainline buses take 270 people at a time into the city centre.
    - - Companies get 1% of all fares which keeps the process profitable
      - Fares payed on distance not on passenger volume
        
        Prevents clogging of main roads and keeps noise and air pollution average low
      - This keeps profits cheaper than if council owned the system
    - - Keeps people happy as they don't have to wait too long
  - - - Statistics
        
        9,984,670km^2
        
        34.4 million
        
        3.4 people per km^2
        
        0.8% annual population growth
        
        Advantages:
        
        Longest coastline in the world
        
        Huge coniferous forests in the north
      - Consequences
        
        Labour shortage: 32% of Canadian employers are encountering difficulties in hiring workers due to a lack of applicants
        
        Services (eg. schools, hospitals and transport) close down as there are not enough customers.
        
        Less innovation and development (lee brain power)
        
        Difficulties in defending the country
      - Solutions
        
        relaxing immigrant policies and visa requirements to encourage migration
        
        Pro-natal government support to increase the birth rate eg. subsidies and parental leave programmes
        
        allow pensioners to continue working
    - - Average population density is 46 people per km2.
      - The annual population growth is 2.8% which is 18th highest.
      - The fertility rate is 5, also 18th highest.
      - 58.2% have access to clean water.
      - 80% live in poverty.
      - Infant mortality rate is 45.1.
      - Quality of life index is 4.5 which is 109th.
      - Life expectancy is only 60.8 years.
      - Only 69.4% of the population are literate.
      - GDP per capita is $1600 which is 199th in the world.
    - - Factors for a low birth rate
        
        People have knowledge about contraception and it is availability.
        
        Women want and have careers
        
        People have later marriages and don’t need children to care of their parents.
      - The French government noticed that there was a low population, to counter this they introduced the three child policy which offered advantages such as tax benefits and free access to activities such as swimming pools if a couple has three or more children
  - - - People starting families at older ages
      - Women education has meant they will seek carers not families
      - Migrants from war-torn countries such as Afghanistan settle in Sweden
      - Better medical care increases life expectancy increasing the number of old people
      - Low birth rate means that there are more elderly people than younger.
    - - Greater demand for medical services and healthcare
      - Increased cost of supporting elderly people through pensions
      - A growing market for leisure industries to meet the demand of elderly people
      - Increased awareness of the ‘grey vote’ in elections
- - - - Coral bleaching
        
        Increased fertilizers
        
        Encourages growth of algae and plankton
        
        Algae and Plankton use up lost of oxygen
        
        Coral polyps are starved of oxygen
        
        This causes coral bleaching and leads to death of the coral system
      - Pollution due to tourism
      - Over fishing due to tourism
      - Increase in temperature
        
        Affects the food chain of the reef as fish move to cooler parts of the ocean.
  - - - Economic activity
        
        Nomadic herding - Pastoral farmers graze herds if donkeys and goats in the eastern regions where the rainfall is higher and the vegetations is greater. Effects on the ecosystem are that the animals might overgraze an area, exposing it to wind and water erosion. Fragile soils are removed and the barren desert spreads further eastwards.
        
        Activity tourism - Off-road driving, poaching, sand boarding and go-caring. Effects on the ecosystem are that the "Big game" is eradicated and that the desert surface and vegetation is destroyed.
        
        Diamond mining - Alluvial diamonds are found in gravel beds. Enormous quantities of sand has to be removes to expose the diamonds. The sand is dumped elsewhere. The effects on the ecosystem are that it destroys fragile habitats by removing vegetation and soil. Sand-dumping buries other habitats.
      - Human activity is restricted due to the arid conditions. However, the areas produce many of the Earth's finest diamonds, uranium, tin, tungsten, zinc and salt.
      - Mining is crucial to Namibia's economy, but it is a major threat to local ecosystems as it destroys habitats and requires the development of complex infrastructure.
    - - Walvis Bay
        
        Annual rainfall = 23mm
        
        Avg rainfall during the wettest month = 8mm
        
        Avg temp = 16 degrees Celcius
        
        Avg relative humidity = 29%
      - Windhoek
        
        Annual rainfall = 362mm
        
        Avg rainfall during the wettest month = 81mm
        
        Avg temp = 19 degrees Celcius
        
        Avg relative humidity = 42%