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Diversity (Keywords (Differentiation: Process by which stem cells become…
Diversity
Keywords
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Guard cells: In leaf epidermis, cells that surround stomata
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Guard cells
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ATP transports potassium ions from epidermal cells into guard cells, decreasing the water potential, causing water to enter via osmosis
Guard cells swell and tips bulge (where the cellulose cell wall is more flexible) causing the stoma to become larger
As the stomata open, air can enter the spaces within the layer of cells beneath the palisade cells
Gaseous exchange can occur (carbon dioxide into palisade cells, maintaining a steep concentration gradient)
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Erythrocytes
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Small (7.5 micrometres in diameter) so has a large surface area to volume ratio so oxygen can diffuse easily across their membranes
Biconcave in shape, increasing surface area
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Spermatozo
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Enzymes are released from the acrosome once it reaches the ovum to digest the outer protective covering
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Palisade cells
Long/cylindrical, so pack closely together with little space for air to circulate. Carbon dioxide in these air spaces diffuse into the cells
Large vacuoles so the chloroplasts are closer to the periphery of the cell, decreasing diffusion distance for carbon dioxide
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Contain cytoskeleton threads and motor proteins to move the chloroplasts (to surface when low light intensity, down when high light intensity)
Root hair cells
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Mineral ions are actively transported into the cells, lowering the water potential and causing water to follow via osmosis
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