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**Popular Piety and the Church's Spiritual Role and Those Who Were…

- - - - Impact of lollardy on religious belief and practice: once it was noted that Lollardy was seen as heresy, popularity of it declined. High Wycombe had a big lollards community, centred around wood trade.Whilst lollardy was more popular among artisans, as an overall group it did not have that much influence.
      - Most of nobility were not fans of Luther, but both Cranmer and Cromwell who were Henry's key advisors in the 1530s, supported Luther. Cranmer revealed this through his publication of the Bishop's Book (as ABOC) 1537.
    - - Humanism in England: the growth of humanism was helped by the printing press. An intellectual movement that sought to return to the original Greek texts of the bible, to get more of an understanding of original scripture. Erasmus was leading renaissance humanist. Humanists were focused on view of 'free will', they sought to eradicate the errors of religious understanding that had come through translation. Humanists did not challenge the beliefs of catholicism, but its practices. Humanists wanted to change the church from within.
      - The key humanists were Erasmus, More and Colet: Erasmus was Dutch and wrote a series of how the word of the bible should be interpreted and used by christians. Criticised wealth of monasteries and donations to them, whilst many 'shivered and starved'- Erasmus.
    - - Henry VIII and COA both considered themselves humanists, Henry supported ideas of purifying the church and removing superstition. Although Henry VIII had been on many pilgrimages to places such as Winchester, he grew increasingly sceptical of them. Henry VIII supported rewriting of Bible into Latin, but based on the original Greek text. More helped Henry out when he was writing 'defence of the 7 sacraments', as a response to Luther's attacks on the church ( so Henry VIII not naturally protestant ). When Luther responded to this by criticising Henry VIII, More sent a hard letter back, accusing Luther as having 'perverted morals', even Erasmus called this 'imperious'.
      - As a result of his letter against Luther in 1521 Henry VIII was called 'Defender of the Faith'.
- - - - 35,000 priests and 40 bishops in England at the time