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cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic groups (cofactors (organic molecules…
cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic groups
cofactors
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can transfer atoms or groups from one reaction to another in multi-step pathway OR form part of active site of enzyme
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prosthetic groups
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cofactors bind loosely to proteins to activate them - prosthetic groups tightly bind to protein and form a permanent feature of them
e.g. zinc ions - important part of structure of carbonic anhydrase - enzyme necessary for metabolism of carbon dioxide
precursor activation
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often need to undergo change in shape (tertiary structure) particularly to active site to be activated e.g. by addition of cofactor
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change in conditions e.g. pH or temperature can result in change in tertiary structure and activate a precursor enzyme
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e.g. inactive pepsinogen - released into stomach to digest proteins - acid pH brings about transformation into active enzyme pepsin - adaptation protects body tissues against digestive action of pepsin