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enzymes (biological catalysts (reaction to occur - molecules need to…

- - - - rate of reaction increases
- - - - shape complementary to shape of specific substrate molecule
  - - - product(s) released - enzyme left unchanged and can take part in subsequent reactions
  - - - strains bonds within substrate - helps reaction occur
- - - - enzymes released from cells - break down large molecules into smaller molecules - digestion
  - - - e.g. bacteria and yeast - release enzymes into immediate environment - break down larger molecules e.g. proteins - smaller molecules e.g. amino acids and glucose are absorbed by cells
  - - - large molecules have to be digested so smaller molecules can be absorbed into bloodstream
        
        transported around body - used as substrates in cellular reactions e.g. amylase and trypsin in humans
    - - amylase -partially breaks down starch polymers into maltose (a disaccharide)
        
        produced by salivary glands and pancreas
        
        released in saliva into mouth and in pancreatic juice into small intestine
      - maltase - breaks down maltose into glucose (a monosaccharide)
        
        present in small intestine
        
        glucose is small enough to be absorbed by cells lining digestive system then absorbed into bloodstream
    - - trypsin - protease - catalyses digestion of proteins into smaller peptides - broken down further into amino acids and other proteases
      - produced in pancreas - released within pancreatic juice into small intestine and acts on proteins
        
        amino acids produced by action of proteases absorbed by cells lining digestive system and absorbed into bloodstream
- - - - can weaken particular bond(s) in substrate - lowering activation energy of reaction