Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 11: The Transformation of the Greek World in the 4th Century (A.…
Chapter 11: The Transformation of the Greek World in the 4th Century
C. The Ascent of Macedon
Phillip II (r.359-336 BC)
Chief power in region, over Athens and Sparta
Distinct because: ruled by a single king; military outgrew simple phalanx; new language(similar to greek)
Exception: Philip of Macedon was Greek, descended from Heracles
Massive military reforms: longer spears, "professional army", increased cavalry. Athens military and navy greatly reduced. archers near front lines
Macedon did what Isocrates wanted, unifying greeks by defeating them militarily
Phillip was eager to take revenge on Persians, because he thought himself to be Greek
Presided over Panhellenic Pythian games
Antigonid was in Macedon
Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC)
A. Domestic problems(336 BC): Rebellions by barbarians after Philip dies. Alexander destroys Thebes, kills and enslaves population
B.Eastern Conquest (334-326 BC): destroys Persian navy, liberates Egypt (hailed as a god/divine), founds Alexandria
C. Alexanders Doom: Army had enough and left when he wanted to invade India. He got new troops and planned to conquer south, but died making plans. Generals then carved up his empire, "birth of hellenistic period"
20 years old when he becomes King, descended from Heracles and Achilles, Persian Darius II
Captured all ports on eastern coast of Mediterranean
Egyptian oracle called him Ammon (ram-headed Zeus)
A. Plato (ca. 429 - ca. 347)
Course notes (Academy), mostly dialogue , dramatic form, puts his own ideas into Socrates mouth
1.Platonic Philosophy/ Metaphysics
Essence/being: constant and unchanging
Permanent
Knowledge and mind/soul
Investigated by reason
ideas and forms
Superior
Existence/becoming: Always changing
State of decay
fleeting
Body
real objects, instantiation of forms
use senses to understand world/investigate world of becoming/existing things
Inferior/lesser world, world of belief
Platonic epistemology:World of belief vs. known
Platonic ethics
Mind vs. Body
Believed in reincarnation
good life = philosophical life (seeks to remove oneself from the world of becoming/world of body, and be in world of mind)
Three parts of soul:
Rational
Spirited(will)
Appetitive(longing/deisre)
Good life =rational and in control
eternal , unchanging forms which lies beyond our sense is possible
B. Two Attic Orators
1.Isocrates (436-338 BC)
Said it was important to speak well in order to get political power, good for trials (could hire a speed writer)
Gorgias: sophist, famous for advocating for panhellenistic movement(uniting all greek city States into a political whole)
great vice of a state: strife great virtue of a state: concord
Love for panhellenistic movement
Trojan war and Persian war were good panhellenism
Epistolary speeches: wrote to Philip II
Demosthenes (384-324 BC)
lots of surviving work
Worked in law courts, very aggressive writing style
Gave very vicious advice to Philip II, advice was ignored, Phillipic speeches
Did not like Phillip
Not clear if Macedonians counted as Greeks