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Chapter 9: The Peloponnesian War A Tale of Thucydides (A. Thucydides (b.…
Chapter 9: The Peloponnesian War A Tale of Thucydides
C. Hippocrates (b. 460) and Greek Medicine
Disease was due to environmental factors not divine factors
Epidemics: case histories
Used Diagnosis and Prognosis
A. Thucydides (b. Athens; lived ca. 460- ca. 400)
Gives account of most of Peloponnesian war
Peloponnese: southern part of mainland Greece (Sparta, Mycenae, Pylos)
Athens dominates with their navy, and there is a massive battle between Sparta and Athens
431-421: ten years war
421-415: Peace of Nicias
415-404: Declean War
431-411: Thucydides tracks war, Xenophon takes over from 411-404
Used political history, not social/cultural history. Uses speeches to enhance narrratives (Pericles gives speeches to athenian army
Uses Hippocrates system of diagnosis and prognosis to predict political systems
Exiled for 20 years from Athens
Melian League: All meilam men killed; women and children sold into slavery because they refused to join the Athenian alliance
B. Pericles (ca. 495-429) and Peloponnesian war (431-404)
Was wealthy, hugely popular, sponsored programs. Paid for Athenian jurors (450)
450's: prominent effort to extend Athenian influence and dominance
440-430: Sponsored major building programs (parthenon, acropolis)
New restrictions on citizenship (both parents have to be Athenian)
Elected general every year from 443-429
Sparta withdrew from policing role after Persian Wars
Delian League(477) --> Athenian Empire, because the movement of treasury from Delos in 454
Pericles told Athenians it would be a prolonged battle to defeat Spartans and they had to be patient
430: horrible ebola/plague killed thousands, including Pericles
421-415: Peace of Nicias (politician)
growing sense of dissatisfaction in Athens
Alcibiades, student of Socrates, young politician, argues for the taking of Sicily
415: 100 Ships, 5000 troops to Sicily, led by Nicias
Due to superstition, an eclipse of the moon made them wait 27 days in the water before continuing
Navy and ships were destroyed, couldn't retreat to Athens, Nicias is killed and defeated
415-404: Declean War
Increasing problems, less desire
404: Athens surrenders to Sparta
Decelea taken by Sparta, which gave them good access to Athens
D. Apical Accomplishments in Greek Architecture and Sculpture (449-420's)
The Parthenon (constructed 447-432)
Acropolis: Top of hill, religious heart of city
480: Persians tore down all buildings, didn't start to rebuild until 449 when they got money from the Delian League and trade
Parthenon: temple for virgin Athena, patron goddess. Made of Marble , from Mount Pentelicus
Temples are oriented, face the East, not linear design (floor rises toward centre, pillars tapered, not consistent
Cella: inner building, housing the cult statue in greek temple
The Propylaea (constructed 437-432)
Gates before Acropolis
Same style as Parthenon (Doric)
Erechtheum (constructed 420's)
Newer Style (Ionic)
Cecrops: 1st King Athens , Erechtheus was 2nd King and it was dedicated to him (seen as the son of Athena, virgin birth)
Caryatids of Erechtheum (women pillars)
Housed sacred objects/treasures associated with Athens (Palladium, wooden image of Athena; tombs of heroes; Poseidons trident marks)
Temple of Athena Nike (420's)
Worship to win Peloponnesian War