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General Principles for Research 1. (Goals of this course (Introduction to…
General Principles
for Research 1.
Quantitative
methods
Goals
of this course
Introduction to:
Introduction to
Normal Methods
used to answer
Psychological Questions
Empirical Research
Making
Hypotheses
Designing
test of hypotheses
Observing
(collecting data)
Data Analysis
Evaluation
(Interpretation of results)
What is Psychology
?
Scientific study of:
Mind
(mental processes -
both un-/conscious)
Behavior
4
general
Goals
Describe
behavior
Predict
behavior
Determine the Causes
of behavior
Understand and Explain
behavior
What is
Science
?
What
distinguishes
Scientific
Explanations?
Non-scientific
explanations:
Common-sense
Belief based
Ex. Popular pychology
Sources
of Non-scientific
explanations:
Society
:
Authority
Religious Dogmas
Culturally shared Beliefs
Individual
:
Intuition
Personal Experience (beliefs)
Other organized approaches
:
Rationalism
Empirism/Observation
Scientific
explanations
Empirical
Based on
Observation
,
collected Data
and
not simply
on
Intuition
Rational
must follow
Logical Implications
(?)
Testable
(verifiable)
test/experiment(s)
that gives
evidence for/against
Falsificability
A theory must be falsifiable,
possible to
Prove it is Wrong
Without falsificability:
lack
Decision Criteria
(how to tell
right from wrong?)
Simple
(parsimony)
prefer
Simpler explanations
less variables
simpler relation among variables
General
Coherence
btw
different theories
new knowledge must explain
New and Old Data
Tentative
(
gradual
)
new knowledge gets
gradually
Discovered
and
Integrated
Object to
strict evaluation
Reproducibility
Experiments
and their
Results
must be
Reproducible
Peer-review
Experiments and Theories must
Reviewed
by
other Colleagues
Main
Goal
:
Establish Knowledge
'bt a phenomenon
How
to Establish
Knowledge?
Scientific Ideas
can be
Tested
Research
Use of
Mehods
Must be:
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Quantitative/
Qualitative
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Make knowledge
more Sound
Scientific
Theory
Definitions
:
Well-reasoned
(vel begrunnet)
Explanation
:
supported by a
Large amount of Data
,
Repeatedly Confirmed
by observations and experiments
A
Partially Verified
Statement
of a
Relationship
of
how Variables
influence each other
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Research
Basic
research
Knowledge for knowledge sake
focus on
Conditions
that
support/weaken
empirical/theoretical
assumptions
Applied
research
Goal
:
Solve
a
Practical Problem
Ex.:
how to improve ppl's life w/ meditation