Reproductive System

Reproductive structures

Meiosis

Oogenisis

Spermatogenisis

Development

Menstrual Cycle

Hormones Associated

Male

Female

Testes

Ductus deferens

Epididimous

Seminal Vesicle

Scrotum

Seminiferous vesicles

Straight Tubules

covered by tunica albuginia

Ejaculatory Duct

Prostate Gland

Bulbourethral Gland

Urethra

Penis

Glans

Uterus

Cervix

Rectouterine Pouch

Vesouterine pouch

Uterine tube

Vagina

Ovaries

Clitoris

Fimbrae

Vaginal orifice

Labium

Minus

Majus

Females

Males

Spermatogonia (diploid cells containing 23 chromosomes

Maturation of a primary Oocyte into a secondary Oocyte

Meiosis 2

Embryonic

GnRH

FSH

skin covered sac between the thighs

surrounds the testes

Provides a cooler environment for sperm developement

located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

secretes fluid that is slightly acidic and rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

releases mucus to lubricate the urethra for the passage of sperm during intercourse

the duct that urine and seminal fluid leaves the body

Tube of tissue that surrounds the urethra

Tip of the penis

Raphe

ridge-like seam at the mid-line

Spermatic cord

a cord of nerves and blood vessels that supply each testis

contain 2 types of cells

Small, oval organs located within the scrotum

Produce sperm and androgens

thick, whitish fibrous capsule

A comma shaped structure at the top of the testis

Dividing germ cells

sustantacular (nurse cells)

non-dividing support cells

produce sperm at the beginning of puberty

provide a protecting environment for developing sprem

Release Inhibin

Inhibits FSH when sperm counts are high

stores sperm until they are fully mature

lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains long microvili

carries the sperm away from the epididymous during ejaculation

reaches into the pelvic cavity from the testes

elongated, hollow organ

walls contain mucosal folds of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

secret viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins

fructose nourishes the sperm and prostaglandins cause the cervix to dilate

Uterine Cycle

Ovarian Cycle

Day 6-13

Day 14

Day 1-5

Menstrual Phase

Follicular phase

Day 15-28

Proliferative phase

Secretory phase

Follicular phase

Ovulation

Luteal phase

marked by sloughing off of the functional layer of the endometrium. Blood is present

initial development of the new functional layer of the endometrium

Same as above

increase vascularization and development of uterine glands occurs

some follicles develop and produce estrogen

One follicle continues to mature and maturation of others stop

LH surge causes ovulation (release of secondary Oocyte)

Corpus luteum forms and secretes large amounts of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin

Estrogen

Progesterone

Inhibin

GnRH

Testosterone

Fetal

Begins at week 3 and goes until week 8

Pre-embryonic

Fertilization thru implantaion

Begins at week 9 and goes through birth

Week 4

Weeks 5-8

Zygote forms

Week 13-16

Week 17-20

Week 9-12

Morula forms

Fertilization

week 3

Morula becomes a blastocyst

12-24 hours after ovulation

end of fertilization

Zygote undergoes cell division by mitosis to increase cell number

30 hours to day 3 post fertilization

structure formed looks like a ball of cells

In the ampula of uterine tube

in the ampula of uterine tube

Uterine tube

16 or more cells present, but no change in size from original zygote

3-4 days post fertilization

looks like a hollow ball of cells that contains a

Days t5-6

Implantation of the blastocyst

begins last first week and is completed by the second week after fertilization

Gastrulation

primitive streak appears

3 primary germ layers form

Notochord develops

Neurolation begins

cephalocaudal and lateral folding produce cylindrical embryo

basic human body plan is established

Derivatives of the three germ layers begin to form

Limb buds begin to appear

Head enlarges

Ears, eyes, nose appear

major organ systems are formed by end of week 8

Week 21-38

primary ossification centers form

Limbs become more proportionate

muscle movements stronger and more frequent

subcutaneous fat is deposited

reproduction organs begin to form

coordination between nerves and muscles for limb movement occurs

brain enlarges

body elongates

epidermis and dermis becomes more developed

permanent kidneys develop

Palate developes

Brain and skull continue to enlarge

skeletal ossification continues

Body grows rapidly

Lanugo covers skin

vernix caseosa covers the skin

limbs near final proportions

Brain and skull continue to grow larger

eyebrows and lashes appear

Body gains large amount of weight

eyelids open

testes descend into scrotum

bloodcells form in marrow only

Meiosis 1

Prophase 2

Prophase 1

telophase 1 and cytokenisis

Anaphase 1

Metaphase 1

homologous material and paternal replicated chromosomes pair up

Forms a tetrad

crossing over occurs between homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes

homologous replicated chromosomes line up above and below the middle of the cell

forms a double line of chromosomes

spindle fibers attach to the centromeres

maternal and paternal pairs of replicated chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of cell

called reduction division

Nuclear division completes and nuclear envelopes re-form

sister chromatids remain attached in each replicated chromosome

Cytoplasm divides and two new cells are produced

ONLY contains 23 replicated chromosomes

Metaphase 2

Anaphase 2

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

nuclear envelope breaks down

replicated chromosomes cluster together

spindle fibers extend from the centrioles to each sister chomatid in each chromosome

replicated chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere

each sister chromatid moves to opposite ends of the cell

Nuclear division completes and nuclear envelope re forms

cells separate into 4 haploid daughter cells

Occurs throughout the life span

Childhood

Monthly from puberty to menopause

before Birth

Oogonia (diploid cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes)

Primary Oocytes are arrested in Prophase 1

Primary Oocytes finishes Meiosis 1 and arrests in meiosis 2 metaphase 2

Goes through mitosis to become a primary Oocyte

Primary Oocytes are arrested in Prophase 1

Meiosis 2 is only completed in Oocytes is fertilized

the first polar body degenerates before ovulation

mitotic division of spermatagonia produce a primary spermatocyte

Meiosis 1 begins in the diploid primary spermatocytes

Produces haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 and become spermatids

Spermatogenisis is followed up by spermiogenisis

Spermatids develope into sperm

Develop a flagellum and an acrosome cap

Mature sperm contain the head ( the acrosome cap), midpiece (nucleus and mitochondria), and the tail (flagellum)

seminalplasmin is an antibiotic the combats UTI

PSA liquifies semen following ejaculation