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Chapter 7: Setting the Stage for Democracy (B. Archaic Development of…
Chapter 7: Setting the Stage for Democracy
A. Introduction
Sparta and Athens both had crucial roles in Persian Wars
Sparta: Thermopylae, Plataea.
Athens: Marathon, Salamis.
Sparta was traditional leader of Greeks, self-appointed police, but Athens began to compete with Sparta for the leading role
Sparta was conservative and didn't go too far from home, incase slaves rebelled. Both had equality of citizens, and cities were laid out so that plots of land were equal
Hoplite soldiers were of wealthy class and had good armour and owned land
B. Archaic Development of Spartan Oligarchy, Rule by the Few
Ruled by 2 families, 2 kings with military functions, one king travels with army and other stays behind
Gerousia: Council of 30 elders (2 Kings and 28 elders of 60+ years)
Assembly: All Spartans, vote on proposals, but no debating
Spartans become great through conquest, and expand through Messenia
Lycurgus: responsible for the reforms that helped them prep for war, didn't let spartans participate in trades or labour, war prep from birth, 7 years old: formal military training; 20 years old: admitted to communal mess; 30 years old: permission to set up household. Women went through rigorous military/physical training to bear healthy boys
Dependent Allies: 12% , participated in trades
Helots: 76%, hard labour
C. Archaic Development of Athenian Democracy
Consolidation and Socio-economic structure
Near coast, Athens expands through economic trade/peaceful absorption of villages
Citizens of vastly different economic states, some became extremely wealthy, other poor (debt slaves)
Strufe: divisions, envy, ubity breaking into parts
Chattel Slavery: Slave is personal property of master (more in Sparta than Athens) Helots
2: Reforms of Solon (594 BC)
Homonoia: like-mindless, opposite of strife (Eris), peace
Strike peace between poor and wealthy
4 classes of citizens based on wealth/land
Lowest class included Athenians with no land, and they could still participate in assembly
It was possible to move up/down classes
Assembly: all citizens had one vote
Laws were publicized
Repatriated all debt slaves, cancelled 'program'
Poetry
Reforms of Cleisthenes (508 BC)
Aristoi, appealed to the public
restructured political system into Demes
Deme: Could be village, town, neighbourhood (not equal) 140 Demes
30 TrittyesL 2-10 Demes in each Trittys, 10 City, 10 Coast, 10 Inland
10 Tribes (1 City, 1 Coast, 1 Inland). Tribes were crucial militarily and politically
Council of 500: 50 people from each tribe
Ostracism
Ostracon: shard of pottery used for voting
Every year, assembly would vote to have an ostracism, and would vote Athenian citizen out with 6000 votes. They had 10 days to leave for 10 years, eliminating strife
D. Delian League
Greeks were still under threat from Persians, so Athens starts a military alliance , providing sailors and triremes
Delian League: Delos island treasury is moved to Athens (454) and allies started sending cash to Athens
Allies didn't think league was accomplishing anything, so Naxos and Thasos tried to leave but weren't allowed
Allies complained to Sparta that Athens was acting in an Ungreek manner
Sailors became the prominent party