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Chapter 7: Attention and Scene Perception (Visual Search (Efficiency of…
Chapter 7: Attention and Scene Perception
Attention
Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain
Selective Attention
Form of attention when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli
Varieties of attention
External
Attending to stimuli in the world
Internal
Attending to one line of thought over another or selecting one response over another
Overt
Directing sense organ toward stimulus
Covert
Attending without giving an outward sign you are doing so
Divided
Splitting attention between two different stimuli
Sustained
Continuously monitoring some stimulus
Reaction time
Measure of time from onset of stimulus to response
Cue
Stimulus that might indicate where a subsequent stimulus will be
Can valid, invalid, or neutral
Selection in space
Stimulus Onset asynchrony
The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another
inhibition of return
The relative difficulty in getting attention (or the eyes) to move back to a recently attended location; stops you from continually revisiting one spot
Theories of attention
Spotlight model
Attention is restricted in space and moves from one point to the next
Zoom Lens
The attended region can grow or shrink depending on size of area to be processed
Visual Search
Looking for target in a display containing distracting elements
Target: Goal of search
Distractor: In a visual search, any stimulus other than target
Set size: number of items in a visual search display
Efficiency of visual search
Search Slope
: ms/item
The larger the search slope, the less efficient the search
Serial Self Terminating Search
Guided search: Attention is restricted to a subset of possible items based on info about items basic features
Feature search
Search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation
Spatial Layout
: The description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects
Feature Integration Theory
Treisman's theory of visual attention
Limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively
The correct binding of features to objects require attention
Preattentive Stage
Processing of stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus
Illusory conjunction
An erroneous combination of two features in a visual scene
Two pathways to scene perception
Selective Pathway
Permits recognition of one or very few objects at a time.
Nonselective pathway
Contributes info about distribution of features across a scene as well as the gist of the scene